1184
FRANCE.
211 FioleTj Lotjis, St. Omer (Pas-de~ Calais )—
Manufacturer.
Specimens of pipes made of clay.
[The exhibitor manufactures yearly above 200,000 grossof pipes, either plain or varnished, differing in size, form,and length, according to the demand. They arc made of1,200 different shapes, plain or oniamented, representinghistorical or fancy figures, animals, &c. By means of anenamel invented by the exhibitor, brilliancy can be givento the plainest pipes.
Crucibles, fire-proof bricks, of all shapes, dimensions,and weights, for constructing ovens, furnaces, vaults,tiles, square flat tiles, &c.
The work is composed of 11 subdivisions, as follows :—1. The moulding. 2. The polishing. 3. The rubbingand packing. 4. The enamelling and baking. 5. Thecarpentry. 6. The brick and crucible making 7. Thecarving. 8. The forging. 9. The sawing. 10. The en-graving. 11. And the drying.
The following quantities of materials arc employed inthe manufacture:—Clay for pipes, 1,540,000 lbs.; clayfor crucibles and bricks, 396,000 lbs.; potters’ earth,198,000 lbs.; oak and other fagots, 220,000; oak wood,458 cubic yds.; pit-coals, 8,250 bushels; coke, 660,000lbs.; iron and steel, 3,300 lbs,; cast iron, 6,160 lbs.; cop-per, 2,200 lbs.; white wax, 440 lbs.; Marseilles soap, 440lb3.; oil, 15 tuns ; enamels of all colours, plain or pow-dered, £100; deal boards, of all tliicknesses, from theNorth, for making boxes, £1,000; nails, of all sorts,4,840 lbs.; hay, for packing up pipes, 55,000 lbs.; wheatchaff, for packing up, 12,000 sacks.]
212 Firmin-Didot Brothers , 56 Rue Jacob , Pari ?—Printers, Booksellers, and Paper Manufacturers.
Books and various publications. ITenrici StephaniThesaums Greecse Lingua ; Ducange , Glossarium Mediaeet Infimae Latinitatis; Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum;Trade Directory, &c.
[The establishment of the exhibitors gives employmentto 900 workmen, and their mills furnish five tons weightof paper of all kinds per day.]
213 Flamet, — , jun., 87 Rue St. Martin , Paris —
Inventor and Manufacturer.
Elastic stockings without seams, for varicose veins.
214 Fleury, P. F., Teste cle Puck , near Bordeaux
Purified marine turpentine, produced by a new processfor purifying the raw turpentine found in the wastes ofBordeaux . This turpentine is exhibited for its clearness,transparency, and drying qualities. It is of great utilityin the composition of varnishes, and it can be manufac-tured at less than half the cost of the turpentines of Cliio,Venice, Strasbourg, Sweden, and Boston .
215 Flobeet, —, 3 Rue Racine , Paris —Gunsmith .Guns, muskets, and pistols, constructed on a new
patent principle adopted by most of the gunmakers ofFrance . __
218 Feoely, Antoine, 37 Rue Battant , Besanqon
{Doubs) — Manufacturer.
Various files made of French cast steel; some of whichare cut by the hand, others by macliinery, by a processimproved by the exliibitor.
21 9 Fkomage, Lucien, 5 Rue des Petites Eaux, Barneial
( Seine* Inferieitre ) —Inventor.
Power-looms for weaving, improved by the exhibitor.For weaving Rouen and Scotch articles.
220 Fromont, —, Chartres {Eiwe and Loire) —En-gineer. (Agent, E. Oppenheim, 33 BouverieStreet.)
An improved double turbine, on Fontaine’s principle.This engine is represented in the accompanying Plate 212and illustrations.
This turbine possesses the following advantages overthe ordinary water-wheel, that it requires no acceleratinggear, the driving shaft moving with a velocity of 100,150,to 200 revolutions, according to the machinery, per minute.A special building being unnecessary, the economy be-comes considerable, and in large factories it attains a veryhigh ratio. In proof may be mentioned the two turbinessupplied to the furnaces of Rachecourt-sur-Marne, near St.Dizier . It required the power of 140 horses, upon a fallof 3 feet 15 inches, reducing itself sometimes to 2 feet. Thetwo turbines were placed under ground, beneath the flat-ting machines, and only required for each a canal of 16feet 3 inches wide ; whilst to give the same results, waterwheels would have required a canal of 97 feet 6 nicheswide, therefore effecting a great saving.
The double turbine is adopted in rivers where thetide is variable. These machines are now made with in-dependent compartments, that is to say, composed ofwheels working together or separately, and constructed sothat the compartment, when not required, is detachedfrom the other wheels which continue to work singly. Inthis manner, in shallow waters, the maximum of momen-tum is obtained.
By an application of the governor of Watt, the velocityof the machine is regulated. In testimony of the effici-ency of these engines, the following facts may be stated.
Tlie turbine of the flour-mill of Vadenhay, near Cha-lons-sur-Marne, gives an effective power of from 78 to 79per cent, upon 6 feet 3 inches of fall. The experimentsby which this amount of effect was determined were madeby Mr. Taff, Professor of the School of Arts and Sciences;Messrs. Alcan and Grouvelle , Engineers ; Mr. Ball, atPontaudemcr; Raffray, at Angers; Leenhart, at Sorgues ;de la Portilla, at Seville , &c.: the results have all exceeded70, and several of them have been as high as 78 percent.
Those of Mr. De la Cuetara, at Palencia (Spain ), havegiven 76 per cent. The turbine of Brunet and Company,at Pontaudemer, although with a small fall of 2 feet7 inches, has given 70 per cent, of effect.
The turbines of the National Manufactory of Tulle, St.Cliamas and Chatellerault , have shown an effect of 73 percent., and a constant velocity, notwithstanding the varia-tions of the fall, of from 4 feet 11 inches to 11 feet 6 inches.
The out-of-water pivot is constructed in such a mannerthat in case of accident it can be changed in less than fiveminutes.
The propeller is manufactured of an entire piece, andhence does not require repairing; turbines of this con-struction have been in use for the last eight or ten years■without having cost any tiring for wear and tear.
The following report is made by M. Arthur Morin,member of the French Institute, in the second volume ofMs Lessons of Practical Mechanism. After having men-tioned experiments made with this propeller, and havingexamined the results, M. Morin adds,—“ Thus the velo-city of the wheel may in general vary 025 from the onewhich corresponds with the maximum result, without theefficiency of the result necessary to the absolute workexpended by the propeller being diminished more thanone-sixteenth to one-twenty-fourtli. This qualification is,as every one knows, an immense advantage to manufac-tories where the nature of the work requires that tliepropeller should take different velocities.”
The arrangement of the working of tlie valves of thisturbine permits the adoption of a regulator of centrifugalpower, in all cases where accidental variations of the tide,or resistance, might produce accelerations or stoppagesinjurious to the working of the machinery.
Another feature in the macliine is for gearing and put-ting out of gear the cogs.