13G0

RUSSIA.

iron and steel manufacture of Russia , and as exhibitingvery high progress in the arts. The steel here manufac-tured is very celebrated, and is of the finest kind, beingnot only extremely elastic, but of great hardness. MajorAbbot (of the H.E.I.C. Artillery) has said, in his Nar-rative of a Journey from Heraut, &c., “ It may be doubtedwhether any fabric in the world can compete with that ofZlataoust in the production of weapons, combining in anequal degree edge and elasticity.”—D. T. A.]

15 Imperial Mining- Works op Poland .

Brown iron-stone, contains 28 per cent of iron, and

30 per cent. Marly iron ore, contains 21 per cent, of iron.Cast-iron, prepared with charcoal, for casting; also formaking bar iron; and, prepared with coke, for the aboveuse. Rolled iron, of various sizos. Medium sheet-iron.Sheet-iron for roofing. Common wrought-iron. Tin. Ca-lamine. Zinc; also in sheets. Cadmium. Cadmiumpyrite.

Specimens of rails, after Mr. Tignolles’ system. Onemile of railway between Warsaw and Vienna is made withthese rails.

Iron screw, with brass nut.

Iron-work for gun carriages.

[Several metals and minerals are found in the hillyregions of Poland , the iron occurring in large quantities inthe country about Olkusz and Kielce in Cracow , andKonskie in Sandomir . The kind of ore is generally thebrown, or hydrous oxide, containing, when pure, about 56per cent, of iron, but generally mixed with various foreignmatters. The iron made from it, by the assistance ofcharcoal fuel, is good, but expensive. The tin ore occursonly in small quantities. Zinc is found abundantly, chieflyin the fonn of calamine (carbonate of zinc), and in thesouthern part of the country. A large quantity of zinc,manufactured in Poland , has been introduced intoEngland. Cadmium is very generally associated with thecommon ore of zinc (calamine), both in Poland and Silesia, jand in the proportion of from 2 to 10 per cent. It hasrecently been brought into use as a valuable material forpreventing the oxidation of iron. The sulphuret of cad-mium (Cadmium pyrites, or Grecnockite) has been foundalso in England.—D. T. A.]

16 Imperial Nijne-Issetsk Works, Govern-

ment of Perm.

Iron for musket barrels, prepared by the French method.Sheet-iron, for roofing houses; and boiler plate-iron, simi-larly prepared.

17 Imperial Satkinsk Iron Works, District

of Zlataoust .

Soft cast-iron, from blast furnaces. Brown iron-stone,from Klutchcvsk mine, contains 50 per cent, of iron ; thesame roasted. Ocliry ore, from Bakalsk mine, contains 45per cent, of iron; the same roasted. Lime sand, used as aflux in the iron furnaces. Slag, from blast furnaces. Bar-iron, prepared by the French method, for the manu-facturing of fire-arms. Sheet-iron, used by the artillerydepartment. Boiler-plate iron, manufactured for thenaval department.

18 Imperial Works, Govermnent of Tomsk ,

district of Altaislc.

Samples of cast and damasc steel.

3 9 Iron Works of Kiiamounitsky (Ponomareff,Madame, Proprietress), Government of Viatica ,district of Slobodslc.

Iron manufactured by the French, or Catalonian pro-cesses, with charcoal. Sheet-iron of various sizes. Oxidizediron, 1 cwt. Boiler-plate iron.

19a Imperial Alexandrovsk Manufactory,near St. Petersburg .

Steeped flax from PskofF, 1st quality; spread flax fromMelenkofF, 1st quality; from Velikoselsk, 2nd quality;and from Poletzk, 1st quality. Tow, from steeped flaxof Pskoff, 1st and 2nd quality; from spread flax of Melen-kolF, 1st and 2nd quality ; of Velikoselsk, 1st and 2ndquality ; of Poletzk, 2nd quality.

21 Demidoff, Messrs., Nijne-Taghilsk, Siberia —Pro-prietors. Agents in London , Henry Hall & Co.,Fenchurck-strcet.

Old sable iron; fibrous iron. Iron prepared in theopen-forge fires, and in the French method, of varioussizes. Puddling-iron; scrap and boiler plate, cast from theblast furnaces; sheet, dyed with colour of malachite.Cast-iron, from the reverberatory furnace. Forged steel.Spring steel. Cast steel. Cemented steel. Magnetic ironore; the same, roasted.

[At Tagilsk the smelting-furnaces, with their dependen-cies, occupy a space of five square versts. A stone churchand the residence of the proprietor stand on an eminenceof greenstone, while the forges and dwellings of the work-men stand from the river to the foot of the hill on thewestward, called Cisaya gork. Both copper and iron areworked at Tagilsk. Besides this establishment there areeight others in the district belonging to the family ofDemidoff, who own six smelting-furnaces and several forges.The ores are roasted here before smelting, as at Nev-gansk, though consisting principally of magnetic ore andbrown ironstone, with occasionally a slight admixture ofiron pyrites. The furnaces will sometimes contain 800,000poods each, and as one cubic square of pine wood is re-quired for 4,000 poods of ore, the temperature of themass in the operation of roasting may be calculated to beraised to 2340° (R.) ; but as, even then, the ore remainsdecidedly magnetic, properties of ironstone are less easily| destroyed by heat than those of steel. Still, as 320° (R.)produces a loss of two-tenths of its intensity, it wouldfollow that, at the temperature it might possibly reach inthe furnace, all traces of magnetism would disappear.

In the South Ural works heat is economised by passingthe flame issuing from the smelting-furnaces over thehorizontal layers of the ore, as prepared for roasting ; it isthen conducted through a chimney of 30 feet in height,on which it deposits the minute particles of ore carried offby the revolving columns of smoke, in spiral ridges, whichhave a most illusive resemblance to the tubular haematitefound in nature, and furnishes another instance of theanalogy between the products of the smelting-houses andseveral fossils deposited upon fissures in the earth.

The proportion of the magnetic to the brown iron ore,as used here for gun-casting, is five to four ; while crudeiron, for other purposes, is smelted from the pure magneticore, and receives, besides, the twentieth of its weight offusible spatli from the west of the Ural. The averagedaily produce of metal from each furnace is about 17,500lbs. Prussian, or fifty-tliree hundredths of the entire oreused. The furnaces are about 35 feet high, and 14 feetin diameter at the widest part.]

Malachite; also, reniform and polished specimens. Redcopper ore. Phosphate of copper. Black copper ore.Copper in ingots, cakes, and sheets. Native copper. Tin-

Specimens of rocks, found in auriferous and in platinasands. Malachite colour.

[The poor ores of copper from the Permian rocks nearBogoslovsk have been already alluded to in a former note,but we may here notice those remarkable accumulation 3of malachite (green carbonate of copper) which have long