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anil W ^' C J 1 to keep from oonfusion is transferred as to No. 3,„ a dmit the plan of the purlin to be op; first, raise thesho ' 0nS ° P l ’P 3 P rom ^°* 2, as ef'g and af g,aa the lettersIheT' ^ len ra ' se perpendiculars at o and p to the back of. , fu P a i as o q and pr ; lastly, draw a line from the point q,Oea 31an 8' es f rom the back of the hip e g (as it is soa r V° a s 1 uare > or e ' ai! it should be drawn from the back ofoh 4 ter s * :ant i' n S at right angles with the sides of the plan)Da i7 e w ^ lere it cuts the base line, as at s ; draw the line s ttvh' i. to ^ le purlin : lastly, draw the line t r. From allin * C l ^ ou ta ^ e the templet Q in t (see No. 4) in the follow-fro rtlanner: Draw the line u w in No. 3 at right anglesjj- m the side a e, which transfer to No. 4, as uw ; take fromtak" ° distances u s and u t, and transfer them to No. 4;to 80 the distances x o and xp in No. 3, and transfer themj^o ^ > take also the distances s q in No. 3, and transfer tot r ' *> a s*o; lastly, take from No. 3 the distances tr, ander to No. 4, as tp ; so that Q is the templet to cut thetjj. an d the skirt e a g is the templet to cut the back. ISeri K aT l^ farther explanation needless, because by a littleU ee Us Ins pection, the reader may see that all the linesPl at e Sar J r to be understood in a roof, are contained in this

as ..That is, all the parts of a roof may be cut by templets,ese lines, and the explanations of them, do direct; andatl ° u 8h. I have shown but one example for the cutting of(pj P Ur li n that comes against a hip, as explained in A k i,®>eth a 6 -*’ ^°- 1) I hope it will be sufficient, because the*tfon» ” ltl ^ m> n ’ cuts a U suc h difficulties, and is equally

a eou I* 1 ' 8 description, he is unintelligible, vague, and erro-h e j ’ there is a certain tendency towards the principle, butto r „- es s, ght of it. He is negligent in directing his readertaft er 6 P er pendiculars at o and p? the bases of the two hip-au,j to ’ instead of raising a section at right angles to the basei a s , wall-plate a e. He tells us to “ draw the line u w^hich * I1C ^ ’ 8 kere No. 3) at right angles from the side a e,° f this^? 8 ^ T (or No. 4) as uw ;” but he makes no usepl et lne ’ w bich > s the li ne ° n which the width of the tem-froio s have been extended. Then he says : “ Taketo j {"vr^ 0- 3) the distances u s and u t, and transfer themand tr °" ^ ’ ta ^ e al® 0 the distances x o and xp in s (No. 3),the dj a . ns ^ er them to t (No. 4) but he does not show how(I*o. 4 \ tanee between the lines p o and t s are obtained in t^V es tk 8n< ^ t ^ 1U3 > after a long and tedious description, hetaint v rir° ns truction vague, and obtains nothing but uncer-att ettl p te d e s hall here complete what he has unsuccessfullyLet tk

dr avv f 6 same plan af e be laid down at No. 5, as at No. 3;equal iL* 0 P er pendicular, and f g parallel to a e ; make f gPlace of k height of the roof, and join g w ; let p o be thehips at P ur H n > parallel to a e, meeting the bases of thePerp^d' P > produce p o to meet w g at q; draw qu

* U ^ C . af to vj g, meeting fw at u ; parallel to a e, draw

In the bases f a and f e of the hips at t and s.

^aw T 6 > draw U x, which make equal to u q, No. 5 ;

* 0, ^ j, 8 and P x o perpendicular to U x ; make u s, u T,

8 0; th e ’ n r ® Spectivel y t0 u *> ut, x o, xp, and join tp andh°n of ;, C°8T is the templet required, or any parallel por-

The I * d read ! h -

lla e 8 . and k observe that this is found by much fewera| p8, there is no occasion for raising the sections of the'ValL pUt e °nly the section of the rafter at right angles to the.

funded „ an °ther invention of the author of this Dictionary,' 08st *-Uctro P n 0 - 0 the same principle as No. 5 and 6; but then is confined to one diagram, thus: Let ABC be

the seat of the part of the roof; describe the section c d e asbefore: draw C f perpendicular to d e, cutting d e in f; fromc d cut of C g equal to c f; parallel to a b draw kf cuttingAC and BC in 1 and l; likewise draw hi parallel to AB;perpendicular to k l draw k m and In, cutting hi at m andn; and join c m and era; then will the angles at m and ra ofthe triangle C rat ra be those required for forming the end ofthe purlin, in order to form a junction with the hip-rafter.

We now return to Mr. Price, who in laying down theframing of roofs in piano, or in lodgement, begins thus:“ Every man who frames roofs, does first piece his plates,cock or dovetail down his beams on the said plates, and pre-pare pieces on which his hips are to stand; as appears inthis plan Q, at y and z.” (See Figure 2.)

“ Then he frames his principals, as R, and likewise hiships, as s, into pieces prepared for them to stand on; andalthough all these respectively are framed for the generalityon the floor, and when in practice is the best way, they arehere placed by themselves to avoid confusion.

“ I hope the pricked lines are enough to show that theskirts t, v, W, x, are laid out agreeably to the plan Q; and inwhich are shown that one purlin lies above the strut, and theother below it; for if they were all to lie in a right line, inthe first place it cuts the stuff to pieces, so as to weaken itstill more, and at the same time you lose your pinning.

“ Here is shown a method to turn up your hips withoutbacking at all; and is thus: your hips being first framedinto the pieces they are to stand on, take a broad board, orsmall panel, lay it on the place where your respective hipstands, and there mortise it as if it was your beam; cut offthe corners of it, so as to make its angles agreeable to yourplan, whether square or bevel; lastly, when you come toturn up your hip in framing the skirts, slip this mould, as Y,upon the tenon at the foot of your hip, and then give it atack with a nail, and the angles of that board will turn upa hip as desired, and is far preferable to any other methodwhatever.

“ But because sometimes buildings must be bevel, andnecessity requires the beams to be laid so, to miss somechimney or window ; therefore let a ( Figure 3) representa bevel plan, whose beams also lie bevel at the time offraming ; and that is just as much as half the beam that therafter stands on; the skirts b, c, d, e, are the same wayshown as before.

“ I hope it will not be taken ill, my saying that a manmust be deprived of sense, who would run into almost endlesstrouble of cutting his timbers all bevel, unless some unavoid-able necessity require it, but rather use the method I proposein plate e.” (That is, Figure 2 of this article.)

The method of laying roofs in piano is first shown byPrice. It seems to have’been much practised in his time,and indeed till lately; but to perform the work in this way,requires the most ample space, and the utmost care of thecarpenter in placing his timbers ; without this it will bedifficult to bring the work together with exactness. In thepresent practice, the timbers may be all cut to their lengthsand angles before they are applied to their places, and thenthey may be fitted together on the ground, before they areraised on the building.

In roofing, his rules for finding the pitch of the raftersfor different coverings, are these (page 15 of his work):“ A leaden covering requires .. the height two-eighths or one-fourth of the breadth of the beam ; a pantile covering, three-eighths ; and plain tiles, four-eighths or one-half, ‘ whichbrings the vertical angle oT the roof to a square.”

But in the following plate, h, of his work, he is not veryconsistent; he delivers different rules, which are to the

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