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logan stone situate at Land’s End, is said to weigh seventytons, it stands on one of a stupendous group of granite rockswhich rise to a prodigious altitude, and overhang the sea;it was thrown down by a ship’s crew, hut the good senseof the inhabitants obliged them to replace it.

Borlase was the first to notice a structure of a somewhatdifferent character to the last, called Tolmen, or, Hole ofStone, consisting of a large stone supported at two pointsby others, leaving a space between them, through whichit is supposed devotees passed for religious purposes. Ofa similar opening at the extremity of Malabar Hill, in theisland of Bombay, a writer says—“ This place is used bythe Gentoos as a purification for their sins, which they sayis effected by their going in at the opening below, andemerging out of the cavity above.” We find stones of thiskind in Cornwall and in Ireland , the most noted is that inthe parish of Constantine, Cornwall , which is thus describedby Dr. Borlase :—“ It is one vast egg-like stone, placed onthe points of two natural rocks, so that a man may creepunder the great one, and between its supporters, througha passage about three feet wide, and as much high. Thelongest diameter of this stone is thirty-three feet, the depththirteen feet, and the breadth eighteen feet six inches.I measured one half of the circumference, and found it,according to my computation, forty-eight feet and a half,so that this stone is ninety-seven feet in circumference,about sixty feet across the middle, and by the best informa-tion I can get, contains at least seven hundred and fifty tonsof stone. Getting up a ladder to view the top of it, wefound the whole surface worked like an imperfect or mutilatedhoney-comb, into basons ; one much larger than the restwas at the south end, about seven feet long; another at thenorth, about five; the rest smaller, seldom more than onefoot, often not so much : the sides and shape irregular.Most of these basons discharge into the two principal ones(which lie in the middle of the surface) those only exceptedwhich are near the brim of the stone, and they have littlelips or channels which discharge the water they collect overthe sides of the Tolmen ; and the flat rocks which lie under-neath, receive the droppings in basons cut into their surfaces.This stone is no less wonderful for its position than for itssize, for although the under part is nearly semicircular, yetit rests on the two large rocks, and so slight and detacheddoes it stand, that it touches the two under stones, hut asit were on their points.

| Wring-cheeses, so named from their resemblance in formj j to an ancient cheese-press, consist of large masses of stoneI placed one upon the other for several tiers, the whole restingon a base of much smaller dimensions than the superincumbentJ mass. By some it is contended that they are merely theproductions of nature, but it seems more reasonable to sup-pose, that at least some art has been employed in theirformation. They are by some termed rock-idols, underthe supposition that they were worshipped as gods.

One such monument, situate in the parish of St. Clare,Cornwall , Dr. Borlase thus describes :—“ The rock nowcalled Wring-cheese, is a group of rocks that attracts theadmiration of all travellers. On the top stone of this, weretwo regular basons; part of one of which has been brokenoff. The upper stone was, as I am informed, a logan orrocking-stone, and might, when it was entire, be easily movedwith a pole, but now great part of that weight which keptit on poise, is taken away. The whole heap of stone isthirty-two feet high, the great weight of the upper part and( the slenderness of the under part make every one wonderhow such an ill-grounded pile could resist, for so many ages,he storms of such an exposed situation.” Mr. Hayman

Hooke mentions one situate on Brimham Craggs, Yorkshire )the circumference of which is forty-six feet, and the pedestalon which it rests, only one foot by two feet seven inches.

Cairns are conical heaps of loose stones frequently f° un ,on the top of hills or artificial tumuli; the term is deriveby Mr. Boland from two Hebrew words, signifying cop e "heaps. On these are supposed to have been kindled fii' e ”at which certain religious ceremonies took place, such asthat mentioned as being observed by the Israelites in maki"»their children pass through the fire, in imitation of the irheathen neighbours; thus connecting the customs of **’British Druids with those of Asia and Phoenicia . Fro"’these Druidical practices may have arisen perchance t"ordeal by fire of later times.

At New Grange, near Drogheda, Ireland , is a cun°sepulchral pyramid of stone, formed of pebble stones, t"weight of the solid contents of which amounted to nothan one hundred and eighty-nine thousand tons. The P 1 "of this monument is curvilinear, and covers about two acrof ground, and is surrounded by a number of large unhed^stones, rising about seven feet above the ground; the hei D ^of the pyramid is calculated at seventy feet. A S’ e snumber of stones, removed for paving and other p ur P oS .led to the discovery of a passage leading into an int® 1 .vaulted apartment. This passage began about forty 1 ^within the body of the work, and is entirely composedlarge flag stones ; its length is sixty-one feet, the width tm.feet, and the height varies from two to nine feet. | ggpassage leads into an octangular vaulted apartment,diameter is seventeen feet, and its height twenty ; the vfl gor dome is remarkable as being composed of overlapP^horizontal stones, the upper ones projecting inwardly h®)'" rthe lower, sustained in their position by having a l a .'® tgportion of each stone upon the one beneath it, than p(°J® t0towards the interior ; this construction is exactly simi'" 1 ^that of the Tomb of Agamemnon, or treasury of Atr( u ^jyMycene . The side of this irregular octagon immed* 8 0opposite the entrance, is formed into a niche, as are als° j fi( jsides at the right and left, similar to the erectionskist-vaens, the last two containing each a rock-bason- ^building is, we believe, the only one of its kind exist>"»Britain . . . , fist

We have not included the barrows or tumuli m 1 c9 nof monuments to be considered, simply because the} .j],scarcely be considered to have any great connection gArchitecture, but as they are closely allied to the struwe have been considering, we ought not to pass tnwithout notice. They are mere mounds of earth, of Yp n ){,shapes, raised, as is supposed, over the graves of men miand are found in great numbers in the neighbourhood . se dlarger monuments : some of them are of oblong shape)like coped tombs, some triangular, some circular an ar eof which again some are convex, some concave. afe ofof the shape of bowls, and some of bells, while othersa conical form; occasionally two are formed togethe >are called twin-barrows, but more frequently they ar £ oU jidseparate. Many of them have been opened, and are <t

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to contain not only human remains, but also spear

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other implements of war, besides articles of domes ’j ete r'such as earthen vessels and the like. Their contentsmine as well their use, as the date of their formation. aI) yCEMENT, the word cement may be defined joglutinous or other substance, capable of uniting b 0 o9close cohesion, or making them adhere firmly togetheto form of the whole one solid mass—as mortar, glue)asphaltum, &c. Cements are of various kinds, but, tovience, may be divided into natural and artixxCIA 1 "