CON
199
COP
'8 to
to,
'Urth,
third,
and the second to the third as the third to the
Con an< * 80 on-
Socle , the same as a continued plinth. See
thP^'HNUOUS BEARINGS, balks of timber laid under8le 6 p s °f a railway for their support, in place of stoneOr i 8 i or blocks fixed at certain intervals. These balks,8e cur( J ? ltu ^' n!, l sleepers, as they are generally termed, areC OVT to cr °ss transoms fixed to piles.
; Wdous Impost, in mediaeval architecture, the mould-mptio n 311 a,(dl carried down to the ground without inter-CO\Tn a " ytl,in S t0 mal ^ t * ie impost-point.
^CNTn t wreatlled - See WREATHED.
lrir no V*/: UR (from the French ; synonymous with con-*® °"o of 11,1 ) t3le outd ' ne a body ; to have which correct,C()V-pr> 8 r eatest requisites in drawing and painting.ComI^MURE. See Countermure.
Of
<*>&
fortification, an external wall built about the walls
^^^' R f VRY FLEXURE, Point of, or Point of Retko-C ° llv oxit ’ 1 le P 0 ' n t in which two curves meet that have the■V °r th e one and the concavity of the other on the
G °Sr a^ line -
j ” * yuum wic l igtioii) uotc j tu atuiu tuo
.’**« in . t ' le same thing, by introducing variety; as isa “‘<que edifices, where rectangular and cylindrical1,1 ti>e ,j r spherical heads are alternately introduced; also,I" <! 'ntr 0( j e8s ' n S s of niches, as in the Pantheon, tabernacleslat ely. Uced with circular and triangular pediments alter-
1R AVALLATI0N, (in fortification), a trench. ^osic,,, 1 a Parapet, thrown round a besieged place by
•son
C^ibl
, m > 10 protect themselves, and check sallies of theISs :?j^fFNCE (from the Latin, convenientia ) an easy
, .to,, „,. e distribution of apartments in respect to the
«e C °*VElS. e des, S n -
^^Ionac. ^ (from the Latin , conventus, an assembly).
a&t eky.
fSo r ^
'>3
u religious edifice, in which lived assemblies ofQ ted to a religious life, under the authority of aHI,, 0-n, u | ( . oovents for males are termed monasteries, those.tit. „ ■» iiunn»ii,o .
of
Or
nunneries; when under the jurisdiction of anv mess, they are named abbeys, and under that01 prioress, priories.
AL CHURCH, a church belonging to aof regular clerks, professing some
r .°f rJif„- Cons,8tin R
8 P>rit,8>on, or of a dean and chapter, or other societies
Lines, such lines as if produced would
CoWare. t,lat side of a
curve which has no con-
and on wWch a Ungen r/ved surface, such,S if * Rectilinear Surface, a curved^
S po^ be taken, a straight line passing, »
onW t-
Poirot
*th
W Can
'ttigi '' 'aken y De <rawn in one direction, and if another^ J iifle t)., ° at °i > tf |e straight line so drawn, another11 ^le g 8 'p fUuougli this and the former point, willif S> u od ° l<3 ‘ bodies having this property are cones,
V s " 1 ? t sC a " y others.
t 'il Pas^ 0 Points^ ° F A ® 0LID > a curbed surface, in which,vXtilfio-ou,,), taken, the straight line joining themnP ® bodv: nil tlia snlirta <rp.nflrfi.tfid bv the
lft y.
of , ule body; all the solids generated by thettic sections, except the triangle, have this
CONVEXITY (from the Latin , convexus) the same asconvex surface.
CONVOLUTION (from the Latin , convolutio ) a windingor turning motion.
COOPER (from the Dutch , hype, a barrel) a person whosebusiness it is to make vessels of wooden boards, hooped toge-ther around a circular or elliptic circumference.
COOPERY, the art of making vessels of boards, by join-ing them edge to edge, and binding them round the exteriorsides with hoops, so as to form a hollow body of circular orelliptic sections, and so as to contain a liquid, with oneor two ends.
The boards of which vessels are made, are called, in therough state, clap-boards ; but when wrought up in the ves-sels, they are called staves.
'I lie art of coopery is a curious branch of mechanism; itrequires a knowledge of geometry, as well as of the coveringof solids, to be able to construct a vessel or cask of a rotativefigure, agreeably to a given section through the axis; theedges of the staves require to be of a particular curvature,so that, when joined together, they may form the requiredcontour of the vessel. This, though not a branch of architec-ture, is founded upon the same common principles.
CO-ORDINATE (from the Latin , con, with, and ordi-natus, order) a term expressive of two objects holding thesame rank.
Co-ordinate Pillars, such pillars as stand in equal order.
COPED TOMB, one which has its top or covering slopingdown towards both sides.
COPESTONE, head or top-stone.
COPING (from the Dutch , kop, the head) in masonry,the stones laid on the top of a wall, to strengthen and defendit from the injuries of the weather.
Coping of equal thickness, is called parallel coping, andis only used upon inclined surfaces, as on a gable end, or insituations sheltered from the rain; as on the top of a levelwall intended to be covered by the roof.
Coping thinner on one edge than on the other, for throw-ing off the water on one side of the wall, is called feather-edged coping.
Coping thick in the middle and thin at each edge, whetherthe back be formed of two planes meeting in an angle overthe middle of the wall, or whether forming the arch ofa circle in its transverse section, is called saddle-backedcoping. This kind of coping throws the water on both sides,and may be used over the walls of sunk areas, or of a dwarfwall, which is to have an iron-railing, and in the best-con-structed fence-walls.
Coping upon the gable end of a bouse, is called factabling,in Liverpool.
Coping, in the pointed styles of architecture, is eitherinclined upon the faces, or plumb. When inclined uponthe faces, the sides of the vertical section are the sides of anequilateral triangle, whose base is horizontal. This sort ofcoping is sometimes in one inclined plane, terminated withan astragal at the top, while at the bottom it changes itsdirection into a narrow vertical plane, which projects witha level soffit before the parapet. Sometimes it is in twoinclined planes, parallel to each other, the upper terminatedwith an astragal at the summit, and projecting before thelower, and the lower before the vertical face of the wall, inthe same manner as that which has only one inclined plane.This coping is used in plain parapets, or in battlements.When used in battlements, it is either returned on thevertical sides of the embrasures or notches, or only crownsthe top of the ascendants, and bottom of the notches.
The coping of battlements with vertical faces, has a small