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Pulaji i or otherwise the plan cannot be a simple rectan-tleg atlt " Ure> Courts may be ornamented in the mostParts of m “ nner - an< l being more confined than the external®atur e . tae er hfice, the ornaments may be of a more delicate°t of *’ and ^ any parts of the building can admit of arcades,pertai n ] °, or more orders, one above the other, a courtinfo*. ? the most snsccnti

is

'“‘ortrirh most susceptible of such decoration. We arehad , .y Vitruvius (book vi. chap, iii.) that the ancientshen 0tCl j n ^ ln ds of courts, called cavmdii, distinguished by thena ted at ’° ns of Tuscan, Corinthian, tetrastyle, displuvi-testu ^ nate< ^- For the description of each, see

l he Coussinet, a Cushion, a stone placed upon

a a arch St T °f a P* er or pedroit, for receiving the first stone of*»ay ^ ' tt the arch be the segment of a circle, the cousineta 'i(l th e f an Iaos celes triangle, with the base upon the impost,? r ch |j e w ° sloping sides radiating to the centre ; or if theQr a s ®micircle, the cousinet will be the first arch-stoneC Ow° the . rvvise the arch must spring above the impost.

°f th e I ' s a * so employed to denote that part in the front%in us ° nie ca pital, contained between the abacus and thep°ntal iiiK. < l uarf er-round. It is this which forms the hori-

fillet,

'ns J or hand, in common volutes, or the band andif t , ‘he Grecian Ionic, from which the volutes on each

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^ of ,1 — ' . ‘ '..LliUl JLUUJ

COYg 6 c<dum n depend.

4 v aul t ’ an y hind of concave moulding, or the concavity of

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? e tierall v Rack Eting, is the bracketing of any cove, but moreV 8 °m e tj Rn< ^ erst ood to be that of the quadrantal cove, which68 ern ployed between the flat ceiling and the wall.

Co^twg.

fi tio h or AND FLAT CEILING, one whose section is afociTv, Quadrant of a circle, springing from the walls ofjCoy ed ’prising to a f ' - ’ " ' 1 ”

Ven Won'!! R .® at ceilings seem to

( * a rising to a flat surface in the middle,a -*oti 11 ® at ceilings seem to be altogether of moderna s °rt of ‘ and a dmit of some beauty in the decoration. It is' n Qthe on ?P r °niise between the flat or horizontal ceiling,

of arched ones practised by the

4aei ent<! Va J 10us forms .

*’ L does not require so much height as the latter’"'ishie Rcl Bas therefore been of considerable use in thej° Ut Ul Modern apartments ; but as its form is a com-wants both elegance of figure, and grandeur ot^ire n , Qr does it admit of that beauty in decoration, thater e of Ca ®d ceilings are susceptible of. The ancient fo™ 3f r °in. T»-hr e e kinds, the cylindric arch, the dome, and the."hquUL. 6 , fl ud no arches of any description in Grecianto v ’ ^ut j n the Roman edifices all the three varieties

“?lb,

° e fo j Lilian eainces an me rnree vaneueo! e ®, th e nd > an d among other ceilings in the ruins of

uj * Quadrantal coved ceiling, with the flat in then at h. distinctly traced, at least in length, if not in

C° V Llt Ceilin G-

„ ere< l : th* 1 s ^ a ^ n Si the part of the slate that is hid ore other part exposed to view, is termed the

>n ’ f Jfc other

in roofing, the «»«* «' ,n “™* 8

mason ry to receive the c _ ov ® r , 1 “g rm Coveredor C 0 ^ A ' y ’ a passage covered ove J‘ ^ tion to denotei v^ce of EXT Wa y> is als0 1 US l d on the edge of the

n k \ th rP J ground level witli the field on h d

l>®ks t e ° r four futhoms broad, extendiS the cn..ntr^ Tt w -

'8eth er " c ’. t ^ e country. It has a parapet raised onCoy ad ®d the e^ 1 ^ ' tS banquettes and glacis. It is some-

1 nt , G 0w lH G. counterscarp.

: if.^Uiu^G, t i, ee Hoofing.

' ' * s e ? ter *° r projecture over the ground-plan

I j n ‘ e in an arched form with lath and plaster:

Use> In former times, when the streets were

very narrow, the upper rooms were made in part to j ut overthe wall, in order to give room.

Covings of a Fireplace, the inclined vertical parts onthe sides, for contracting the opening, and throwing out theheat.

COW-HOUSE, a building where cows or other cattle arekept, in order to protect them from the severities of theweather. See Cattle Shed.

Cow-Yard, the enclosure in which cows are kept, toshelter them from the weather.

CRAB, an instrument used in masonry for raising largestones.

CRACKING OF BUILDINGS, those fissures occasionedby improper management in the foundation, or in carryingup the work. Cracks, so frequent in modern buildings, willfor the most part be found to arise from unequal settlement,caused by insufficient foundations, from inadequate coveringsto apertures, such as what are called French arches, or fromthe employment of improper or inferior materials, soft bricks,unseasoned timber and such like.

Cracking, in plastering, the fissures occasioned by anundue tempering or mixing of the materials, or by an un-seasonable application.

CRADLE, or Coffer, in engineering, a large woodentrunk, open at top, with movable ends, large enough toreceive a barge or vessel when floating on a canal, for thepurpose of raising or lowering it to a higher or lower pondof the canal, by cranes or other means, without the use of apond lock.

The term is also applied to the segment of a hollow cylinderformed of ribs and lattice, similar to centering, used bybricklayers and masons, for turning culverts and arches ; theinside is smooth, and the exterior rough, for supporting andretaining the shape of the inverted arch of the lower half ofthe culvert in soft ground, particularly in quicksands andpeaty places. A very slight cradle of this kind, will some-times prevent the distortion or ultimate fall of a barrel cul-vert. This precaution should never be omitted in layingculverts under canals or roads, in soft grounds, as the fallingof the culvert may prove of the greatest inconvenience.

Cradle-Vault, a word improperly applied to cylindricvaults.

CRADLING, the mass of timber-work disposed inarched or vaulted ceilings, for sustaining the lath andplaster. For the application of the various species ofcradling, see the words Cylindric-Vault, Cove-Bracket-ing, Dome, Groin , and Niche. The compound term, dish-ing-out, is sometimes used by workmen, instead of cradling.

Cradling is also used for the rough timber-work for sus-taining an entablature for a shop-front.

CRAMP, an iron instrument, about 4 feet long, with ascrew at one end, and a movable shoulder or arm at theother, by which mortise and tenon work is forced together.

CRAMPERN, or Cramp-Iron, an iron bent at eachextremity, towards the same side of the middle part, used tofasten stones together in a building.

When stones are required to be bound together withgreater strength than that of mortar, a chain, or bar of iron,with different projecting nobs, is inserted in a cavity cut inthe upper side of the course of stones across the joints,instead of single cramps across the joints of each two stones.Cramps are generally employed in works which require greatsolidity, as in the piers and abutments of bridges, and thevoussoirs of large arches. They are also employed in unitingthe stones of copings and cornices, and generally any externalwork upon the upper surface, or between the beds of thestone. External work liable to the injuries of the weather,

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