CEO

213

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fix 5l SS , ANTE CROIX, having a crescent or halfmoon,

crore ' 1 erid thereof -

& ce Crocket.

e v _ -A-CA, SIMONE, a Florentine architect, born in

citii ea : 1 454

th,

v, u( !s o p - This artist travelled to Rome , and otherthe ttaly, in order to take accurate admeasurements ofaf, qi]i r(!( | ent edifices. When he returned to Florence, hethe i> a ] a Cons >de ra ble reputation, and was employed to finish“Iai at)0 ZZ P Strozzi, which was begun by Benedetto datli e -^wong his other works in this city, are the sacristy-;'Sc 0 ( -| Uf eh of Santo Spirito , and the church of S. Fran-ny. Offervanza, at S. Miniato, in the suburbs of the°*' S. *, >n the year 1509, and was buried in the church

CR oote zio Vasari -

! * n }’ point EE LINE, one that cannot have a tangent on^tl, p t° the two adjacent parts of the line on each side

o f *'S tof

t)iJ 0ns,, les

contact.

IES, in the decorations of apertures, the trusses

"t'e ; j, "”’ °n the flanks of the architrave, under the cor-are otherwise named ears, elbows, ancones, or

' v ‘th 9 a bishop’s staff; it was originally a plain rod

CUf,

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to° SS '.' le . a d at its summit, and subsequently with a

s ^L t0 P similar

pr,

,lfi ti mi

silvi

es of

to a shepherd’s crook. Crosiers were

fir

a very costly description, being formed of gold

Vv ec '°u.s' ?"S rav ed, enamelled, and inlaid with jewels andnp^sliarrf ° ne9 ‘ A good specimen is that of William ofa n ar cl\ P reserve< l at New College, Oxford. The crosieris surmounted by a cross, and that of a4 f 'E()SS P atr ‘ arc i l by a double cross.j, n Sles to ’ a figure consisting of four branches, at rightol ere «tan,, C t 0 „ th r ; or a geometrical figure, consisting ofn j? 8i(i e „ s es > each side of one angle being common withThe cr* each of the other four.

( 4 . '8'°!), -jy 83 ’ as tbe most prevalent symbol of the ChristianUnites a3 °Pten introduced into their architecture. Theirthi!* ° n a Rlore especially the larger ones, were frequentlyv v ' r itl l < ^y°- SS P4 an J and were decorated internally and exter-Raf tei an d h US Symb °l 5 crosses °f a highly decorative cha-a p' es , and 6aut ' bu ^ design were often affixed to the apex ofs e ai 8 e or na 1Q tbe interior were depicted on the walls ;i ° Ve cr oss, usually of wood, called the rood, was

Ti 0,le of Screen > which separates nave and chancel, and aV] • 6 ar e P eta ': enriched with jewels, &c., on the altar.

binds of cruciform plans used in ecclesiastical

fo>.' Vll 'oh e n , e ’ * n which all the live rectangles are equal; or,otiPed by^? 1 ?f the four wings is equal to the middle part■ er - i- le intovc,,,.,:— a Greek cross. The

.. cr . ^ '•ue intersection, is calledP ! >cl, n, 1,1 cli only two opposite wings are equal, and in

n t th 4ir 6 °. ther two are unequal, and the three rectangles>tC- on of the unequal parts of greater length than? Lo tin Pans in the. direction of the equal parts, is callediNn. Cr ° Ss > tiie middle part in each direction bein Q

Cr °sse

oi fc a iid th S Were erec ted in front of the entrance to the^ Ste Ps, an , ese consisted of a tall shaft raised on one orMtp ^lally SUr mounted by an ornamental cross ; the shaft^1, >t ure a simple character, but sometimes enrichedEo e i’ u lchr a i ■^ es ' < l es these, there were boundary, memo-’ 1 8ii a || Uri< lary. ( , r ’ Poaching, and market crosses.

Merely ° SSes Were of a very simple character, beingu Pright stones ornamented with some simplea s Pecirr,^ nA fosses were of a like plain description,

W b

• q,, ki no . T?, at Blore-heath, Staffordshire . The crossesSlean ja ' var< I I. at the places where the corpse of3 We f F ^ as res ^ e< l during its progress from Lin-minster for interment, would probably come3 i

under this head, but if so, they are of a very different descrip-tion to the majority. Out of fifteen of these originally existing,only three now remain, at Geddington, Northampton, andWaltham ; of those now destroyed, five are known to havebeen erected at the following places, Lincoln, Stamford,Dunstable, St. Alban’s, and Charing. They were very ela-borate structures, consisting of several stories of multangularplans, each story being somewhat smaller than the one belowit, so as to give the erection a pyramidal form, having theapex surmounted by a cross, and the whole enriched withsculpture, statuary, &c; that at Waltham consists of threestories, and is hexagonal in plan, the lower story is richlypanelled, the second canopied, containing statues of thequeen, the third panelled, similarly to the lowest, and thewhole finished at the top with a decorative cross.

The preaching-cross was a covered pulpit usually erected inthe vicinity of a church, the most noted is that of St. Paul , Lon-don, which was an erection of wood raised on steps, and coveredwith a canopy; it was octagonal in plan, closed in on all sides,with the exception of the entrance and the aperture, throughwhich the preacher addressed the people. Specimens of thisclass exist at Hereford, Iron Acton, Gloucestershire , andHolbeach, Lincolnshire .

Market-crosses seem to have been originally of a similarform to those of Queen Eleanor, but having open arches atthe sides in the lowest story. In the later and more generalform, the plan of the basement was considerably extended,so as to present a space of considerable size covered with avaulted roof, and having a central pillar or pier to supportthe superstructure, which at the same time was much reducedin height; the shape of the original plan was preserved, theonly difference being in its size; thus the market-cross atLeighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire , is pentagonal, that at Salis-bury, hexagonal, and that at Malmsbury, which is a beautifulspecimen, hexagonal. Other market-crosses exist at Win-chester, Cheddar, and Chichester, and there were two excel-lent ones at Coventry and Glastonbury. They served toshelter the people attending market from heat and rain.

The cross at Chichester is the most beautiful specimen ofthe kind. It is supported on eight buttresses and a centralcolumn, from which issue a number of ribs dividing the vaultedroof: between the buttresses are eight arches moulded,and surmounted by an ogee canopy, which is crocheted,the finial supporting a pinnacle; the spandrells of the canopyare richly panelled, as are also the walls above, the wholebeing finished by a panelled parapet. The buttresses termi-nate in croeketed pinnacles. The structure is covered exter-nally by an ogee cupola, croeketed ribs springing from eachof the buttresses at the angles, and the whole is surmountedby a small octangular turret pierced with eight arches, andotherwise elaborately ornamented.

Crosses of a simple character were originally erected at theentrance of towns and villages, at the intersection of cross-roads and sides of highways, to arrest the attention of tra-vellers, and excite their devotion.

Cross-banded, in hand-railing, is when a veneer is laidupon the upper side of the rail, with the grain of the woodcrossing that of the rail, and the extension of the veneer inthe direction of its fibres less than the breadth of the rail.

Cross Garnets, hinges, with a long strap, which is fixedto the closure of the aperture, and with a cross part on theother side of the knuckle, which is fastened to the joint.

Cross-grained Stuff, wood with its fibres in contrarydirections to the surface, and which therefore cannot be madeperfectly smooth by the operation of the plane, without eitherturning the plane or the stuff. This most frequently arisesfrom a twisted disposition of the fibres in the act of growing.