DIG
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pencil overcomes this difficulty, the diamond being fixed *bythe peculiar mode of its setting at the correct angle at whichit will cut the glass. The diamond in these pencils is aboutthe size of an ordinary pin’s head, and is set in a nipple ofbrass or copper. They are differently fitted up, accordingto the quality of the material which they are to work upon.
Diamond Fret, a species of moulding consisting of filletsintersecting each other, so as to form diamonds or rhombuses.
Diamond, Pavement. See Pavement .
DIANA, Temple of. See Temple.
DIAPER, a panel or recessed surface enriched withcarving in low relief, and frequently gilded and coloured ;or a plain surface enriched with polychrome. Also a kindof linen-cloth wrought with figures in weaving.
DIAPERING, the decoration employed in the relief ofany plain surface, by the interweaving of fret-work, orcovering the field with ornamental patterns. In some cases,it consists in the application of colour only, but in Others ofembossed or carved work, delicately chiselled, and alsoenriched with gilding and colour. Diaper-work is usuallycomposed of small square panels, containing flowers in lowrelief, as in the spandrels of the choir arches, and in otherparts of Westminster Abbey . There is a beautiful specimenof later date on a monument in the choir of Canterburycathedral ; the design is composed of a flower of six leavesin low relief, within a sexagonal compartment, the sides ofwhich are formed by the sides of six spherical triangles,and are foliated within, and coloured azure and gules.Another specimen is to be seen in the Lady Chapel,Ely, at the back of the canopies of the ornamentalarcade which surrounds the walls ; others at WalthamCross, and in many buildings erected during the reigns ofHenry III. and Edward I. Diaperings of a rich and taste-ful design were also employed in ecclesiastical hangings,vestments, &c. Some very beautiful designs may be seenin Pugin's Glossary .
DIASTYLE, (from eta, and vuAoc, a pillar) in classicalarchitecture, that distance between columns equal to threediameters of the column ; or the word is applied to the edificeitself, in which columns are applied at this interval.
DIATHYTiA, the vestibule in front of the doors of aGreek house, answering to the prothyra of the Romans.
DIATONI, quoins or corner-stones bonding two wallstogether.
DIDORON, (from the Greek) a kind of brick used by theGreeks, being one foot long and half a foot broad.
DIE, ot a pedestal, that part contained between the baseand the cornice. See Die.
DIFFERENTIAL, a term used to denote an infinitelysmall quantity. The differential method is applied to thedoctrine of infinitesimals ; it consists in descending fromwhole quantities to their infinitely small differences, andcomparing them. Hence it is called the differential calculusor analysis of infinitesimals.
DIGGING is performed by the solid yard of 27 cubicfeet.
In soft ground, where only cutting with the spade isnecessary, a man will throw up a cubic yard in an hour,, or10 cubic yards in a day. But if hacking be necessary,an additional man will be required; and very strong gravelwill require two. The rates of a cubic yard depending thusupon each circumstance, they will be in the ratio of thearithmetical numbers 1, 2, 3. If, therefore, the wages of alabourer be 2s. 6d. per day, the price of a yard will be 3d. forcutting only ; 6d. for cutting and hacking; and 9d. when twohackers are necessary.
1 —-- - jneJi
In sandy ground, when wheeling is requisite, t ^ ^ tl‘ ewill be required to remove 30 cubic yards in a tc
distance of 20 yards, two filling and one wheeling ^j gta nc<?>remove the same quantity in a day, to any greatei ^an additional man will be required for every twenty ;
To find the price of removing any number ofto atiy given distance :
Divide the distance in yards by 20, which gives
the n'tand yof
flTl"
tb«
ot wneeiers ; add tde two cutters to the quotient - - : ;
have the whole number employed ; multiply the s pri cedaily wages of a labourer, and the produce will beof 30 cubic yards.—Then, . t jjg pt> ce
As 30 cubic yards is to the whole number, so is ;
of 30 cubic yards to the cost of the whole. , : c yard 0 ’
Example .—What will it cost to remove 2,750 cu th re0to the distance of 120 yards, a man’s wages be oshillings per day ?
2,0)12,0 j
^number of wheeled |
2 fillers.
8 men employed.
3 shillings per day-
24 price of 30 cubic J
2750 X 24
30 : 2750 : : 24
- £H°-
30
See farther under Excavation. ,, t
DIGLYPH, (from the Greek, Sty\v<j>oe), a taengravings or channels.
DIKE, or DYKE, (from the Saxon, die, a ~a work of stone, timber, or earth, supported! t i,e
raised to oppose the entrance or passage of w a j s t of e „a river, lake, or the like. These dykes usually c ^ eS , st° Dvations of earth, strengthened with hurdles or s ^
; Wi
tb * 0
nlO« p ^’
bank,o r f > ::;
(from
of a
b<:
and other matters.
DILAPIDATION, (from the Latin ), the sl “’ e g leC t. ^ging suffered to fall into a ruinous condition by ^°] ie p a 0l iterm is usually restricted, in its legal sense, ‘ fid'
down or destroying the houses or buildings lje glect to t | )e i'0
ecclesiastical benefice, or suffering them vy *"°y lifC’^ycl*into ruin or decay. In the experience of eveiy^j ho"’ " il( j<yare few families who have not had occasion to u
of annoyance, inconvenience, and loss, may othe word dilapidations. apP^^itP 11
In the “Builder” of January, 1849, . ie Jjj e iitly." , ] 1 er eexcellent letter on this subject, and as
b« 3 c i(is 3jylen 1
by one well qom, .: * , u. .. .
will he W ‘ td we consider its > n$l
“ Thh sul£T» t>nS and us eful •—
deceived prone r o’ ^ ie writer, “is one that
who are int e Lj T*' d f mion f ‘« the hands of
are dailyZwofZ affeCted ^ H~‘tenants.’
extent, or the ne«? l‘^ 0n themselves heavy responsi > u it»
■vWol, ,
“ Few person* ,! 7 "“acquainted with. _ . r n]) ;ef° v
to covenants i • ? ta tm g a lease think of raism Bovenants winch are, they are informed, ot ^
irohj e >l
themsfjitl^
ah
character,- 0 r if nT ‘“'v —-
agreement of enou S h to pledge
hesit at j on affix . three years, they fearlessly, -
‘uphold miint • ' eU ' S’guatures to a clause Pma y ZnT t T n> and . sustain,’ &e„ or that wlm
have the elements 1 'of ? sib,li£ ^ for some hovse9 ’n t^ments °f destruction and disease up° n
t o
f>>
1 g pei*,
go.t^V