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®tt e( j *J e steps : place the first riser in its situation, havingWei at • Wn c ^ osu to the floor; the top being brought to aW it v ,! ts P ro per height, and the face in its right position,bott' ^ ^at-headed nails, driving them obliquely through*be eadt* 11 ^’ ar *' the riser into the floor, and then nailing' v itl l j, 0 tlie string-board ; proceed then to cover the riser' J °ttorn 6 drs * ; tread, observing to notch out the fartherWisely opposite the rough strings, so as to make it fit“ e ds fir rQ < i' Vtl to a level on the top side, while the under sidetl‘e jj s , y upon the rough strings at the back edge, and toto Ugh towards the front edge : nail down the tread to the

With r * n 8 s > driving the nails from the seat, or place onWo tl le le n ext riser stands, through that edge of the riserh r fi : u ° u 8fi strings, and then nailing the end to the string-Wadth 6 " Iri w *th the second riser, having brought it to aba c ]jfitted it close to the top of the tread, so thatWk of ,f c We of the tread below it may entirely lap over theWl posi t - e r * ser > while the front side is in its regular ver-ging c „ lon : na il the head of the riser, from the under side,^by a ^ e .,Wat the nails do not go through its face, and„ 'W ( >c ee( i° 1 . t l* e beauty of the work.

WU th e ] ln t ^ 1 ' s nianner, with tread and riser alternately,* e ' v bol p aSt P ar allel riser. The face of this riser must stand-W®1. r,P r °jection of the nosing back from the face of thefading , len fix the top of the first bearer, for the firsts 0 on a level with the top of the last parallel

f * t ' c b fo‘ at t * le iartber edge of this bearer may stand aboutC p u r r Ward i rom the back of the next succeeding riser,dfjf, 1 '^ 30 na iling the treads to the risers upwards,.8 fitted th ln t ^ le trea< l s an< l risers of the flyers ; and hav-bv 1 Wiled Cnd tb' s bearer against the back of the riser,

f ^ t tin ! j l -? r , ScreT ' re< l them fast together, fix a cross-bearer,b of (.jj 1 J'alf its thickness into the adjacent sides of the

(to* to cutV^’ an( l into the top of the long bearer, so ast^ r tbi'oij,,^ r °ngh the horizontal breadth of the long bearer,t 0 ® I'W an 1 t le .Sickness of the riser, as this would weakentk f new ] 8 i >od tl |e l°ok of the other. Then fix the riserMhv ^er 6 ’ < ^ 1 '* v ing a nail obliquely from the top edge oftJS tread° ^ ' atter : tbfin proceed to put down the first

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fitting it close to the newel, in the bird’s-Proceed in this manner with all the succeed-

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'fin r n '' e i'' rea( l 3 ’ always fixing in the bearers, previouslyfile 'S^parj Sucoess i ve tread, until the steps round thePit "Ppep r are entirely completed. Then proceed withbra f°8 r fissive range of flyers as with those below.Stfj'bfiir fits into the backs of the risers and treads, sois .8 s , to ® e . s ® a y join each other on the sides of the roughW r^lWted 1 q ^ le y are fixed by nails, and thus the worktt*' Ser > but • otne workmen do not mind the close fitting ofWn r 'W b e 14 certainly makes the firmest work.

t ' e fi ; 8q S , n d of dog-legged stairs, the nosings are* hop° l Wtinag llet V nes the risers are mitred to the brackets,; s ? mitred with quaker-strings : in the latter case,h f,J : Ifead * r ® ( l round the internal angle of the under sidejk Wed i^oi t be face of the riser. Sometimes the stringW. - e Ps ; le uewel, and notched to receive the ends of

t| Of.) Wfi t)," 3 ot ber end having a corresponding notch-i Wf to „ e ' v l'ole flight is put up like a step-ladder.!St o . file tle lower part for the turning, set the thick-

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on the return string-board, and where

> jTv, “J- 1j fni r, r, 0 ne wel below, is the place of the lower limitOn, Jln ,1 5-

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\ cifelg ec f l °n of the cap of the newel for the turner .—1? l*alf c fiutf P ° lts l nte nded diameter: draw a straight line'be t,„ to an y point without the circumference, and® 1 file p 0 - eadt k of tbe rail on each side of that line ;Ul t, draw a line parallel to the middle straight

line, and the extreme lines will contain the breadth of therail: draw any radius of the circle, and set half the breadthof the rail from the centre towards the circumference;through the point where this breadth falls, draw a concen-tric circle ; from the point where this circle cuts the middleline of the rail, draw two lines to the points where thebreadth of the rail intersects the outer circle, and theselines will show the mitre. See Hand-Railing and Stair-CASING.

DOGS, otherwise termed andirons or endirons, creepers, &c.iron standards used in the olden times to support the logs ofwood when consumed for fuel. The distinction between theandirons and creepers consists in the former being of a largersize than the latter ; the use of the andirons was to supportthe logs, and of the creepers to keep the brands off thehearth. Endirons,

Dog-tooth, an ornament very prevalent in edifices of theEarly English style, in which it forms a very marked feature.It consists of a pyramidal flower of four leaves, so disposedas to have the space between the two adjacent leaves in thecentre of the sides of the pyramid ; a series of such orna-ments is very frequently seen inserted in a hollow moulding.

DOME, a term applied to a covering of the whole or partof a building. The Germans call it Dom, and the ItaliansDitomo, and apply the word to the principal church of a city,although the building may not have any spherical or poly-gonal dome. From this and other circumstances we mayinfer the term to be derived from the Latin Domus, house.

A dome is an arched or vaulted roof, springing from apolygonal, circular, or elliptic plan ; presenting a convex sur-face on the outside, or a concavity within, so as that everyhorizonal section may be of a similar figure, and have acommon vertical axis. According to the plan from whichthey spring, domes are either circular, elliptical, or polygonal;of these, the circular may be spherical, spheroidal, ellipsoidal,hyperboloidal, paraboloidal, &c. The .word dome is appliedto the external part of the spherical or polygonal root, andcupola to the internal part. Cupola is derived from theItalian cupo, deep, whence also our word cup. But cupolaand dome are often used synonymously, although perhapsincorrectly. Such as rise higher than the radius of thebase, are denominated surmounted domes ; those that are ofa less height than the radius, are called diminished or surhased;and such as have circular bases, are termed cupolas.

The remains of ancient domes are generally spherical intheir form, or built of stone or tufo. Ruins of numerous onesstill exist in the neighbourhood of Rome and Naples. Theywere frequently used among the Romans, after the accessionof Augustus , in whose reign, the use of the arch, and conse-quently of domes, first became common. The arch, indeed,is of Grecian origin, though in all the ancient edifices of thatcountry, we do not meet with a single instance of a builtdome: that which covers the monument of Lysicrates, beingonly a single stone, can only be looked upon as a lintel: andthe invention of this species of vault seems justly attributedto the Romans, or Etrurians.

Of the ruins of domes in and near Rome , the principal arethe Pantheon , and the temples of Bacchus, Vesta, Romulus,Hercules, Cybele , Neptune, and Venus, and also some of thechambers of the Thermae . The most magnificent dome ofantiquity is that of the Pantheon, at Rome , built in the reignof Augustus , and supposed to be a chamber of the greatbaths of Agrippa. It is still entire, and consists of a hemi-spherical concavity, enriched with coffers, and terminatingupwards in an aperture, called the eye. The exterior risesfrom several degrees, in a sloping direction, nearly tangentto the several internal quoins, and presenting to the spectator