ENA

386

ENT

Expense of forming embankments. —This must obviouslybe very different in different situations and circumstances,according to materials and the price of labour, but though ingeneral pretty considerable, it is seldom so high as is com-monly supposed. It is probable, that in cheap districts, andwhere the materials are plentiful, the expense of forming anearth-bank, covered with sand or gravel, such as that shownat Figure 1, could not be less than from fourpence or sixpence,to ten pence or a shilling, the cubic yard. And such as havemore steep and bold slopes, as from thirty-five to forty degrees,and are formed vvith pavement on the surfaces, cannot costless than from ninepence to one shilling the cubic yard. Onemade on the plan of that shown at Figure 6, could not beconstructed for less than from twelve or fifteen to thirtypounds for every thirty-two yards And one constructed ofbrushwood, in the same method, for soft ground, which willnot admit of a wall, would not be lower than from sixpenceor eightpence, to six or seven shillings for each foot forwardin a lineal manner. In many situations, the expenses would,however, in all sorts of embankments, stand a great dealhigher than these.

In some districts, embankments are formed by the rod andthe floor, the former being from four to five pounds, and thelatter about four shillings and sixpence, the workmen findingall sorts of necessary things for the business.

EMBATTLED BUILDING, a building with embrasuresin the parapet, resembling a castle or fortified place.

Embattled Line, a straight line bent into right angles,so that if there be two sets of parts, the parts of each setmay be in the same straight line, and parallel to the parts ofthe other.

Embattled Aronade, is partly the same as the EmbattledLine, the difference consisting of a semi-circle raised in themiddle of each part which forms the continuation of one of thestraight lines, the semi-circle presenting its convexity towardsthe parts which form the other straight line.

Embattled Battled Line, a staight line bent into rightangles, so that if there be three sets of parts, one set may beparallel to those of the other two.

EMBLEMATA, a kind of inlaid or mosaic work, used bythe Romans in flooring, panelling, &c.

EMBOSSING, the act of forming work in relievo, whe-ther it be cast, moulded, or cut with a chisel.

Embossing, in architecture, that kind of sculpture inwhich the figure stands in relief beyond the plane, or othersurface from which it seems to rise. The several kinds ofsculpture formed by embossing are, low relief, mean reliefand high relief

EMBRASURE , an enlargement or splay of the aperture ofa door or window, generally withinside the wall, for the admis-sion of a greater quantity of light; when the wall is very thick,an enlargement is also made on the outside of the wall.

Embrasure , is also applied to the apertures of an embattledparapet. It is another term for the crenelles, or intervalsbetween the merlons.

EMBROIDERY, the enrichment of woven fabrics by theintroduction of devices in needlework. Embroidery was akind of work very usually employed in ecclesiastical hangings,vestments, and the like, and, in such cases, is of the mostgorgeous and elaborate description.

EMPLECTON, a kind of walling, used by the Greeks,and the Roman villagers, consisting of rubble masonry, withfacings of wrought stones laid in regular courses. SeeWalls .

ENAMELLING, a method employed to enrich metal-workby the introduction of colour, much used in the works of themiddle ages. Specimens of enamel of an early date are to

be seen on the envelopes of Egyptian mummies, also i

and Roman work, &c.

ENCARPUS, sculptures of fruit or flowers, s

ucb as

tb° se

employed in the decoration of friezes.

ENCAUSTIC, a term applied to paintings,colours are fixed by means of heat. Encaustic tiles, ^ ^U'sin which coloured devices are introduced, the coburnt in during the process of manufacture. , „, 0 rk ,D

ENCHASING, that mode of decorating nie awhich the devices are represented in low relief-

ENDECAGON. See Hendecagon.

ally

END-IRONS, otherwise and-irons, standards.

,d.

id-

e“ e Syme d nt of a ctf/ 0 T S ’ USed in fi «P laces P r - ,ENDS of 4 cJ 1 / 0r f Ue1 ’ t0 su PPort the logs of '' r °°vertical joints. ° NE ’ t ie t ' vo parallel sides, which for

ENGME E S,?°k™ N - See Co™„.

ENGLISHAKCHITECTIim"' r.d W*°"

to the styles of Omiu , • UR E, a term applied oySee Gothic imi n arc,at ecture as developed m EngENGLISH nryxrr[ ESTI0 Architecture. , -a-s,

wherein a course oAeade 1101 " 137 '”!’ 3 diSP ° Sit! °f s°i« 1,erSalternately T„ ,i 01 aeaders succeeds a course of str e

or five conges"f f. n °, rth ’ flayers frequently run ^

ENGLISH n , s ij etc ^ ers to one of headers. . of

England. It L 0a ^ . tim ber of the native P rod , U jj n ^s,

and is particn?-i D | lUC * l ), Sed . in tl le country for rustic bui

less liable to cor/ UsePuI ln tlle truss-posts of roofs, a® 0 {tension, than fir. preSSIOn ’ and Possessing a greater de B

ENS^V £ gUi ' e , of nine sides and an £ le f , or ° nt

with another, 8 {g nif y in g Wffye ***

or comnnoDil „ , ot the Latin in and simul,) t« e

in parts. n 0 a building, considered as a whole, an

a sSe^t AT f? E ’ (FVench > a™ Latin

by the t '. at P art °f an order which is sU Pf, ie iter

to the edifiro” °r co um . ns > and forms the covering or *the architr-ir" wmsists of three principal divisionthe frieze in, 6 ’ 1 rests u P°n the capitals of the co

mh Tbo “T d ’ ately “ bove ‘he cornice at tbe^

inLiml Lt mnS ’ accordi »g to Vitruvius , «**»£„*SSK J mbers used in the «of of the timber-bu^

tions in stone° Se Th9 ll!U T - been Ule orisin et!

under the rf tn 1!S su hject has been already re h i a ru r0either fini.i.J f! G()liIC Architecture. The en ort ]erapplied to it f 1 j whole^edifice, or so much as has t 1a level corn’ and ln , strictness ought to terminate e aa llfinclined e ° r bl a P ed >ment formed of two , , :l v3

rid ,!??.'® 8 however, was no

we find the ^ !l‘ e htomans : for in many of then , j oC l;ingcourse Ti orddanance crowned with an attic or b ^ te o

finished in fhism'ann 8 ° f B “ lbee a " d Pa!my 7 the

striir>fn,. D „ e S R^uu® 1, > as were even some of th

The IT Greece had become a Roman pr°^ al * dirmeters o f^T" 1 of tlle entablature is equal to ^ o( ,c

entihlnf 16 co unin * though some authors make j ti* 0entablature one-third of the height of the columntabUture of the Ionic one-fourth, and that of theor Composite, each one-fifth of the . . C -

respect'^®

of the

Vignola makes the .entablature one-quartei prop 1

the column, in each of the Orders ; but the o r w 1

uch bettct t

lb B

lie

of twice the breadth of the base agrees mucu — j t 0 u “ ^eancient Grecian examples than the other tw °' joe 0rd el \ e r3recollected, that in ancient examples of the sa n0J . e) in 0height of the entablature is in some instances ^ a t.*less, than two diameters. In the temple ol Mine