OF PROJECTILES. 205

A second called case shot , is composed of small iron balls putinto tin cylinders; or regularly disposed in linen bags fastenedto a wooden bottom, in the middle of which is a spindle,and wound round with cord or wire; the latter present theappearance of a bunch of grapes, and are called grape foot,1 he first kind is generally used in the defence of places ;and fired from the low flanks, where in spite of their diver-gence they are useful in scouring the ditches and counter-scarps : the resistance of the air, from the irregularity of theirfigure, renders them in effect more uncertain than sphericalshot; but as the objects against which they are fired arealways very near, they have force enough to do execution.The second kind is generally designed for field service, asthe balls diverge less, and, from their spherical figure en-countering less resistance in the air, range farther.

202. In the late wars, our trains of artillery were formedof medium 4 prs. (64) : the case-shot for these guns contained63 or 64 leaden bullets, each weighing | of an ounce; thewhole weighed nearly as much as a round shot of the famediameter. In order to ascertain their effects, the officers ofartillery in 1743 made the following experiments : a 4 pr.was fired against a target of plank b’o feet in length by 10in height, erected on the fame horizontal plane with the gun ;so that some of the balls after grazing rose and struck thetarget: case and grape shot were tired, but no difference intheir effects was perceptible. In the first experiments, thecharge was 1 Ib. 10 oz. of powder, and over the wad,which was well rammed, was placed the cafe: at the dis-tance of 200 yards, only 3 or 4 balls struck the target.The gun being moved 30 yards nearer, 9 or xo balls struckit; but the gieater part did not go through the planks,which were an inch thick: those that struck were partlymelted, and two or three were found in different placessticking together. At the second experiment, the case wasplaced immediately over the powder and a wad rammed overthe whole: at the distance of 170 yards very few of theballs went through the planks, though the report of the ex-plosion was as loud as at the former experiment; others hadnot force enough to enter, and those that struck were muchmore liquefied than before ; 4 or 5, and at one time 15were found sticking so closely together as to form a lump oflead. At othqr experiments, when the cafe was placed over

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