234
BOOK VII.
and a certain white schist 14 . But lead, its ashes, red-lead, ochre, andlitharge, are more efficacious for ores which melt easily ; hearth-lead forthose which melt with difficulty ; and galena for those which melt withgreater difficulty. To the second order belong iron filings, their slag, salartificiosus, argol, dried lees of vinegar 15 , and the lees of the aqua which separatesgold from silver 16 ; these lees and sal artificiosus have the power of penetratinginto ore, the argol to a considerable degree, the lees of vinegar to a greaterdegree, but most of all those of the aqua which separates gold from silver ;filings and slags of iron, since they melt more slowly, have the power of heat-ing the ore. To the third order belong pyrites, the cakes which are meltedfrom them, soda, its slags, salt, iron, iron scales, iron filings, iron slags, vitriol,the sand which is resolved from stones which easily melt in the fire, andtophus ; but first of all are pyrites and the cakes which are melted from it, forthey absorb the metals of the ore and guard them from the fire which con-sumes them. To the fourth order belong lead and copper, and their relations.And so with regard to fluxes, it is manifest that some are natural, othersfall in the category of slags, and the rest are purged from slag. When we
“ buildings, because it is perishable and soft. Still, however, there are some places which“ have no other, as Carthage, in Africa. It is eaten away by the emanations from the“ sea, crumbled to dust by the wind, and washed away by the rain.” In fact, tophus wasa wide genus among the older mineralogists, Wallerius ( Meditationes Physico—Chemicae DeOrigine Mundi, Stockholm, 1776, p. 186), for instance, gives 22 varieties. For the purposesfor which it is used we believe it was always limestone of some form.
14: Saxum fissile album. ( The Interpretatio gives the German as schifer) Agricolamentions it in Bermannus (459), in De Natura Fossilium (p. 319), but nothing definitecan be derived from these references. It appears to us from its use to have been either aquartzite or a fissile limestone.
l8 Argol ( Feces vini siccae, —“Dried lees of wine.” Germ, trans. gives die wein heffen,although the usual German term of the period was weinstein). The lees of wine were thecrude tartar or argols of commerce and modern assayers. The argols of white wine are white,while they are red from red wine. The white argol which Agricola so often specifies wouldhave no special excellence, unless it may be that it is less easily adulterated. Agricola ( De Nat.Fos., p. 344) uses the expression “ Fex vini sicca called tartarum ”—one of the earliestappearances of the latter term in this connection. The use of argol is very old, forDioscorides (1st Century a.d.) not only describes argol, but also its reduction to impurepotash. He says (v, 90): “ The lees (tryx) are to be selected from old Italian wine ; if not,“ from other similar wine. Lees of vinegar are much stronger. They are carefully dried and“ then burnt. There are some who burn them in a new earthen pot on a large fire until they“ are thoroughly incinerated. Others place a quantity of the lees on live coals and pursue“ the same method. The test as to whether it is completely burned, is that it becomes white" or blue, and seems to burn the tongue when touched. The method of burning lees of“ vinegar is the same. ... It should be used fresh, as it quickly grows stale ; it should" be placed in a vessel in a secluded place.” Pliny (xxm, 31) says : “ Following these, come“ the lees of these various liquids. The lees of wine ( vini faecibus) are so powerful as to be“ fatal to persons on descending into the vats. The test for this is to let down a lamp, which,“ if extinguished, indicates the peril. . . . Their virtues are greatly increased by the
“ action of fire.” Matthioli, commenting on this passage from Dioscorides in 1565, makesthe following remark (p. 1375) : “ The precipitate of the wine which settles in the casks ofthe winery forms stone-like crusts, and is called by the works-people by the name tartarum.”It will be seen above that these lees were rendered stronger by the action of fire, in which casethe tartar was reduced to potassium carbonate. The weinstein of the old German metal-lurgists was often the material lixiviated from the incinerated tartar.
Dried lees of vinegar ( siccae feces aceti; Interpretaltio, die heffe des essigs). This wouldalso be crude tartar. Pliny (xxm, 32) says : “ The lees of vinegar ( faex aceti); owing to the“ more acrid material are more aggravating in their effects. . . . When combined with
“ melanthium it heals the bites of dogs and crocodiles.”
16 Dried lees of aqua which separates gold and silver. ( Siccae feces aquarum quae aurumab argento secernunt. German translation, Der scheidwasser heffe). There is no pointeddescription in Agricola’s works, or in any other that we can find, as to what this materialwas. The “ separating aqua ” was undoubtedly nitric acid (see p. 439, Book X). There