XVI

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.

Nature’s devices for raising water—Their influe’nce—More common than other natural operations—

The globe a self-moving hydraulic engine—Streams flowing on its surface—Others ejected fromits bowels—Subterranean cisterns, tubes and siphons—lntermitting springs—Natural rams andpressure engines—Eruption of water on the coast of Italy—Water raised in vapor—Clouds—Wa-ter raised by steam—Geysers—Earthquakes—Vegetation—Advantages of studying it—Erroneousviews of future happiness—Circulation of sap—This fluid wonderfully varied in its elfects andmovements—Pitcher plant and Peruvian canes—Trees of Australia —Endosmosis—Waterspouts—Ascent of liquids by capillary attraction—Tenacity and other properties of liquids—Ascent ofliquids up inclined planes—Liquid drops—Their uniform diffusion when not counteracted bygravity—Their form and size—Soft and hard soldering—Ascent of water in capillary tubes limitedonly by its volume—Cohesion of liquids—Ascent of water through sand and rags—Rise of oil inlamp wicks and through the pores ofboxwood - - -505

CHAPTER VI.

Siphons—Mode of charging them—Principle on which their action depends—Cohesion of liquids—Siphons act in vacuo—Variety of siphons—Their antiquity—Of eastern origin—Portrayed in thetombs at Thebes —Mixed wines—Siphons in ancient Egyptian kitchens—Probably used at the feastat Caiia—Their application by old jugglers—Siphons from Heron ’s Spiritalia—Tricks with liquidsof different specific gravities—Fresh water dipped from the surface of the sea—Figures of Tanta-lus’s cups—Tricks of old publicans—Magic pitcher—Goblet for unwelcome visitors—Tartar necro-mancy with cups—Roman baths—Siphons used by the ancients for tasting wine—Siphons, A. D.

1511—Figures of modern siphons—Sucking tube—Valve siphon—Tin plate—Wirtemburg siphon—Argand’s siphon—Chemists’ siphons—Siphons by the author—Water conveyed over extensivegrounds by siphons—Limit of the application of siphons known to ancient plumbers—Error ofPorta and other writers respecting siphons—Decaus—Siphons for discharging liquids at the bend—Rara siphon ............ 514

CHAPTER VII.

Fountains: variety of their forms, Ornaments and accompaniments—Landscape gardeners—Curiousfountains from Decaus—Fountains in old Rome—Water issuing from statues—Fountains in Pom-peii—Automaton trumpeter—Fountains by John of Bologna and M. Angelo—Old fountains in Nu-remberg, Augsburg and Brussels—Shakespeare, Drayton and Spencer quotcd—Fountains of Alci-nous—The younger Pliny ’s account of fountains in the gardens of his Tuscan viila—Eating ingardens—Alluded to in Solomon’s Song—Cato the Censor—Singular fountains in Italy —Fountains described by Marco Paulo and other old writers—Predilection for artificial trees in fountains—Perfumed and musical fountains—Fountains within public and private buildings—Enormous costof perfumed waters at Roman feasts—Lucan quoted—Introduction of fountains into modern thea-tres and churches reeommended—Fountains in the apartments of eastern princes—Water conveyedthrough pipes by tbe ancients into fields for the use of their cattle—Three and four-way cocks - 532

CHAPTER VIII.

Clepsydrce and hydraulic organs: Time measured by the sun—Obelisks—Dial in Syracuse —Timemeasured in the night by slow matches, candles, &c.—Modes of announcing the hours—“ Jack ofthe clock”—Clepsydrse—Their curious origin in Egypt —Their variety—Used by the Siamese,Hindoos, Chinese , &c.—Ancient hourglasses—Indexes to water clocks—Sand clocks in China —Musical clock of Plato—Clock carried in triumph by Pompey—Clepsydra of Ctesibius—Clock pre-sented to Charles V —Modern clepsydras—Hourglasses in coffins—Dial of the Peruvians. Hydrau-lic organs: imperfectly described by Heron and Vitruvius—Plato, Archimedes , Plutarch , Pliny ,Suetonius , St. Jerome—Organs sent from Constantinople to Pepin—Water organs of Louis Debon-naire—A woman expired in ecstasies while hearing one play—Organs made by monks—Old Regal 542

CHAPTER IX.

Sheet lead: Lead early known—Roman pig lead—Ancient uses of lead—Leaden and iron coffins—Casting sheet lead—Solder—Leaden books—Roofs covered with lead—Invention of rolled lead—Lead sheathing. Leaden pipes: of great antiquity—Made from sheet lead by the Romans—Ordi-nance of Justinian—Leaden pipes in Spain in the 9th Century—Damascus —Leather pipes—Moderniron pipes—Invention of cast leaden pipes—Anotherplan in France —Joints United without solder—Invention of drawn leaden pipes—Burr’s mode ofmaking leaden pipes—Antiquity of window lead—Water injured by passing through leaden pipes—Tinned pipes. Valves: their antiquity andvariety—Nuremberg engineers. Cocks: of great variety and materials in ancient times—Hora-pollo-rCocks attached to the laver of brass and the brazen sea—Also to golden and silver cisternsin the temple at Delphi—Found in Japanese baths—Figure of an ancient bronze cock—Superiorin its construction to modern ones—Cock from a Roman fountain—Numbers found at Pompeii —Silver pipes and cocks iu Roman baths—Golden and silver pipes and cocks in Peruvian baths—Sliding cocks by the author. Water closets: of ancient date—Common in the east. Traps fordrains, &c. ............. 550

APPENDIX.

John Bäte—Phocion—Well worship—Wells with stairs—Tourne-broche—Raising water by a screw—Perpetual motions—Chain pumps in ships—Sprinkling pots—Old frictionless pump—Waterpower—Vnlcan’s trip-hammers—Eolipiles—Blowpipe —Philosophical bellows—Charging eolipiles—Eolipilic idols referred to in the Bible—Palladium—Laban’s images—Expansive force of steam—

Steam and air—Windmills—Imprisoning chairs—Eolipilic war«machines - 565

INDEX.575