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Chap. 4.
ing pipe is attached, whether at the bottom, near the top, or at any Inter-mediate place. Small pumps of this kind are now commonly employedto feed steam boilers and for other purposes, and are worked by leverslike die ordinary lifting and forcing pumps, the pistons being preservedin a perpendicular position by slings, &c.
These pumps are believed to be of English origin, having been in-vented by Sir Samuel Moreland, “ master of mechanics” to Charles 2d.Like some old philosophers, he exercised bis ingenuity in improving hy-draulic and other engines, for raising water. Besides the plunger pump,for which he obtained a patent in 1675, he invented a “ cyclo-ellipticmovement” for transmitting motion to piston rods, a figure of which is in-serted by Belidor in the second volume of his Arch. Hydraulique . He isalso the reputed inventor of the speaking trumpet, a of a capstan, and asteam-engine. In 1681 he made experiments with an engine consisting oftwo or more of his pumps at Windsor, in presence of the king and Court ,during which he forced water from the Thames in a continual stream tothe top of the castle; and according to Dr. Hutton, “ sixty feet higher.”Moreland visited France the same or the following year, by Order of theking, to examine the famous water-works at Marli, and while in Paris heexhibited models of his pump before the French court, and also con-structed several for his friends. In 1683 he presented an account of va-rious machines for raising water to Louis 14th, in a manuscript volumewritten and ornamented with much elegance; and in 1685, an account ofhis improvements was published in Paris in a work entitled, “ Elevationdes eaux par toute sorte de machines, reduite a la mesure, au poids, a labalance, par le moyen d’un nouveau piston et corps de pompe ; et d’unnouveau mouvement cyclo-elliptique, et rejetant l’usage de toute Sorte demanivelle ordinaires, par le Chevalier Moreland .” It does not appear thathe ever published this work in England, for Switzer had recourse toOzanam, a French writer, for a descriptiön of Moreland ’s pump ; as hecould procure no English account of it, “having taken gröat pains to findout what Sir Samuel had left on that head to no purpose.” Ozanam Statesthat Moreland spent “ twelve years study and a great deal of money” tobring this pump to perfection; “ and without this new inVention it wouldhave been impossible to have reduced the raising of water to weight andmeasure, as he has done.” The latter observation refets to the leadenweights placed on the piston rod, and the quantity of water raised bythem: the water and the elevation to which it was raised heilig comparedwith the sum of the weights employed to force it up. b
If we mistake not this is the most valuable and original modification ofthe forcing pump that modern times have produced. The friction of thepiston is not only greatly reduced, but the boring of the cylinder is dis-pensed with; an Operation of considerable expense and difficulty, particu-larly so, before efficient apparatus for that purpose was devised. Anotheradvantage is the facility of tightening the packing without taking out thepiston or eVen stopping the pump. The value of Moreland ’s invention in
a There is an Instrument very like a speaking trumpet in the hands öf a figure in oneof the illustrations of the Eneid, executed in the fourth or fiftb Century, in the 25th plateof “ Painting” in D’Agincourt’s History of the Fine Arts. It is a conical tube, thelength being equal to that of the individual using it; and by which he appears to direct,from the top of a töwer, the combatants below. Kircher has given a figure of a trumpetthrough which he supposed Alexander spoke to his army.
b See Switzer’s Hydrostatics, plate 35, pp. 302, 357. La Motraye’s Travels, vol. iii,Lon. 1733. Desaguliers’ Philos. vol. ii, 266. Belidor ’s Architecture Hydraulique, tom.ii, 61, and L’Art D’Exploiter Les Mines, in Arts et Metiers, page 1058, and planehe 47
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