VOUNg’s TRAVELS IN FRANCE. 615

to Reggio the country is planted in rows, as in the Venetian State, &c. and the treesthat fupport the vines being larr , the whole has the appearance of a to reft.

Parma. —From Reggio to Parma, the fame fyftem holds, but executed in an inferiormanner. Ami from Parma to Vicomero, the trees that fupport the vines are pollards,with old heads, like many we have in England, contrary to the pra&ice of the VenetianState, where they are kept v ung. To Firenzuoio, the vines are all buried in likemanner; fome here : re planted for props, and the poles which ferve as fuch are fet inrows: in both methods the ihoots are equally buried. A fcattering of golden willow inthe rows, I fuppofc for attach mg the vines to the props. From Borgo St. Domino toFirenzuola, there is a decline both of vines and wood; the country is not as hitherto,regularly lined, and many lai :e fields are without any ; this is the more to be remarked,.as here begin fome inequality of the country, the gentle ramifications of the Appenines .To Cartel Giovanne, moft of Ire fields^have no vines, only a fcattering; fhoots buried asbefore, but the inclofures have many pollards in the hedges, like the woodlands of Suf-folk. From Piacenza, after parting the Trebbia , the rows of vines are thirty to fortyyards afunder, with heaps of props ten feet iong, fet like hop poles ; very few or novines trained to trees.

Piedmont. — Pave/e *.—The country is all the way hill and dale, the flat of Lom-bardy finilhing with the Dutchv of Piacenza . It is about half inclofed, and half withrows of vines. There are alfo vineyards planted in a new-method; Angle row of vines,with a double row of poles, with others flat, fo as to occupy four ridges and then fourto ten of corn. Some vine flioots buried for a few miles; but afterwards none. NearStradella the props appear like a wood of poles.

Savoy. —The vineyards of Montmelian yield one and a half tonneau per journal,which fell at 4§ louis the tonneau: all, not in the hands of peafant proprietors, is at halfproduce.

Sect. IV.— Of Implements and Tillage.

Coni. —The ploughs have a Angle handle, twelve or thirteen feet long, which throwsthe j mughman to iuch a diftance behind, that his goad is fixed in a long light pole. Theoxen are yoked in the fame manner as ours, but the bow is of iron under the neck, andthe pieflure is received bp two bits of wood. Some ploughs drawn by a yoke, othersby two yokes of oxen.

" Chau Is .—The names which are given to the parts of a plough here are,—long han-dle of fourteen feet,fiva/ beam, bura ; head, cannonlia ; coulter rivetted to the fliare,cultor; Dare, maf'a ; grou;ui-reft, on which the fhare flieathes, feven feet long, den-tale ; ear.h-board, five feet fling, oralia.

The Count de Bonaventa, n explaining to me their tillage, fhewed the criterion, asold as Com-mella, of good p.-eughing, by thrufting his cane acrofs the ridges, to fee ifreft-baulko- \ They plough ■ oftly on the three feet ridge, forming, and reverfing atone bout, e. two furrows, m • work ftrait. Ufe no reins, and have no driver, thoughthe plougl nan is above twenty feet from the oxen. Two fmall beads cut a good fur-row on tin. top of the old ri • , feven inches deep, and thefe ploughs, long as they are

in the grey ad, certainly do rot draw heavily.

The oNtn, whether at plougn or in the waggons, do not draw, as I conceived at firftfight, by me fhoulder, but in a method I never law before, nor read of; they draw by ’

* The country ceded by Aulbia to Sardinia , part of the diftridt of Pavia.

8

prefting