young’s TRAVELS IN FRANCE.

617

Vicenza.' —They-here plough with four oxen in harnefs, many of them are of an iron-grey colour, with upright thick ugly horns. Some however are fine large beafts.— 1Their plough is a ftrange tool; it is two feet four inches of Vicenza wide (their foot isabove one and a half Englilh) : the fhare has a double fin of a foot wide, confequentlycuts half a foot in the furrow of more than two; has wheels, but no coulter. The land-board is called fondelo ; the fhare, vomer0 ; the earth-board, or bread, arfedeman ; two.fhort handles, the left finijirale ; the right brancole ; the beam, pertica.

Ecclesiastical State. — Bologna. —The coulters of the ploughs here (land fixteendegrees from the right line, an incredible blunder, had I not before met with it in the Mi-lanefe. The beam, pertica; the handles, Jliva ; the mould-board, ajfa ; the fhare,gomiera ; the ground-reft, nervo delfocco ; the coulter, coutre.

Tuscany. — Florence . —Here the beam is called Jlanga, and bur a; the fingle handle,Jlagola ; the body of the plough, chicapo di aratro ; the fhare, vangbeggiola. The bodyis hewn out of one large piece of wood, the fin double, and feven or eight incheswide. I fee no ploughing but on three feet ridge-work, reverfmg. They are nowfowing wheat among tares, about fix inches high, and plough both in together at onefurrow, fplitting the ridges with a double-breaft plough. Oxen are ufed that draw bythe nape of the neck; then women with a kind of half pick, called marona , work the ridgefine. No drefling of the feed againft fmut, &c.

Parma. —The plough here has wheels, a fingle-breaft that turns to the right, andpretty well, a double finned fhare, and the coulter (landing three inches to the left of theright line; drawn by two oxen, and two cows, with a driver.

Savoy. —The oxen in the vale of Chamberry, draw not only by the horns, theyokes bound to them in the common way by leathers, but they have a double bar, oneagainft the fhoulders, as if the bead might be able to draw by both at pleafure.

Manures.

Nice. —There is here a greater attention paid to faving and ufing night foil, than evenin Flanders itfelf. There is not a neceffary in the town which is not made an objectof revenue, and referved or granted by leafe. In all the paffages between the w'alls ofgardens in the environs, are neceffaries made for paffengers. The contents are carriedaway regularly in barrels, on affes and mules, and being mixed with water, is given re-gularly to the vegetables of the gardens. The laft winter having damaged many orangetrees, they pruned off the damaged branches, and to encourage them to fhoot againftronglv, the roots are dug around, and at the foot of each tree a good rnefs of thisinvigorating manure is buried.

Milanese. — Milan. — Night foil is greatly valued, it is bought at a good price, andfpread on fowing wheat.

State of Venice. — Vicenza . —Sig. Giacomello has tried gypfum with furcefs, brokenfmall and calcined in an oven, alfo in a lime kiln, pulverifes it finely and fifts it. lieremarks that this is the chief ufe of calcination. Ufes it for clover, lucern, and mea-dows; fows it as a top drefting on thole plants, juft as they rife; never buries it; mixeswith fand, in order to fpread equally; belt to fow it when the land is dry, never when theplants are high and wet; quantity, one hundred and forty pounds grojfo , upon one thou-sand two hundred and fifty tavoli of Trevifo. If the land is bad, three hundred pounds,and on middling, two hundred pounds. The effect on perennial clover, upon good land,is fuch, that any greater crops would rot on the ground. The fame quantity of meadowvol. iv. 4 k that