of application in the teachers, 714. Theprivileges of graduates by residence, andcharitable foundation of scholarships, injuri-ous to collegiate education, 716. Disciplineof, 717,

Colliers and coal-heavers, their high earn-ings accounted for, 104.

Colonies, new, the natural progress of, 92.

Colonies, modern, the commercial advan-tages derived from them, 415. Ancient, onwhat principles founded, 516. Ancient Gre-cian colonics not retained under subjection tothe parent states, ib. Distinction betweenthe Homan and Greek colonies, 517. Cir-cumstances that led to the establishment ofEuropean colonies in the East Indies andAmerica , 518. The East Indies discoveredby Vasco de Gama , 519. The West Indies discovered by Columbus , ib. Gold the objectof ihe first Spanish enterprises there, 522.Ami of those of all other European nations,524. Causes of the prosperity of new colo-nies, 525. Kapid progress of the ancientGreek colonics, 526. The Human colonicsslow in improvement, 527. The remotenessof America and the West Indies greatly infavour of the European colonies there, ib.Review of the British American colonies, 532.Expense of the civil establishments in British America , 534. Ecclesiastical government,535. General view of the restraints laid uponthe trade of the European colonies, ib. Thutrade of the British colonies, how regu-lated, 536. The different kinds of non-emi-merated commodities specilied, 537. Enu-merated commodities, 539. Restraints upontheirmanufactures, 541. Indulgences grantedthem by Britain , 543. Were free in everyother respect except as to their foreign trade,545. Little credit due to thu policy of Eu­ rope from the success of the colonies, 548.Throve by the disorder and injustice of theEuropean governments, 549. Have contri-buted to augment the industry of all the coun-tries of Europe , 551. Exclusive privileges oftrade, a dead weight upon all these exertionsboth in Europe and America , 552. Have ingeneral been a source of expense instead ofrevenue to their mother countries, 553. Haveonly benefited their mother countries by theexclusive trade carried on with them, 554.Consequences of the navigation act, 555. Theadvantage of the colony trade to Britain esti-mated, 560. A gradual relaxation of theexclusive commerce recommended, 566.Events which have prevented Britain fromsensibly feeling the loss of the colony trade,567. The effects of the colony trade, and themonopoly of that trade, distinguished, 568.To maintain a monopoly the principal end oftlie dominion Great Britain assumes over thecolonies, S75. Amount of the ordinary peaceestablishment of, ib. The two late warsBritain sustained, colony wars, to support amonopoly, 576. Two modes by which theymight he taxed, 578. Their assemblies not

likely to tax them, ib. Taxes by parliamen-tary requisition, as little likely to be raised,579. Representatives of, might be admittedinto the British parliament with good effect,582. Answer to objections against American representation, 584. The iuterest of the con-sumer in Britain , sacrificed to that of theproducer, in raising an empire in America ,621.

Columbus , the motive that led to his dis-covery of America , 519, Why he gave thenume of Indies to the islands he discovered,520. His triumphal exhibition of their pro-ductions, 521.

Columella, his instructions for fencing akitchen-garden, 152. Advises the plaulingofvineyards, ib.

Commerce, the dillerent common standardsor mediums made use of to facilitate the ex-change of commodities, in the early stages of,29. Origin of money, ib. Definition of theterm value, 33. Treaties of, though advan-tageous to the merchants and manufactures <>ftile favoured country, necessarily disadvan-tageous to those oftlie favouring country, 504.Translation of the commercial treaty betweenEngland and Portugal concluded in 1703, byMr. Methuen, 505. Restraints laid upon theEuropean colonies in America , 535. The pre-sent splendour of the mercantile system, owingto the discovery and colonization of America ,586. Review of the plan by which it proposesto enrich a country, 602. The interest of theconsumer constantly sacrificed to that of theproducer, 620. See Agriculture. Banks, Ca-pital, Manufactures, Merchant, Money, Stock,Trade, &c.

Commodities, the barter of, insufficient forthe mutual supply of the wants of mankind,28. Metals found to be the best medium tofacilitate the exchange of, 29. Labour an in-variable standard for the value of, 37. Realand nominal prices of, distinguished, 38. Thecomponent parts of the prices of, explainedand illustrated, 53. The natural, and marketprices of, distinguished, and how regulated,58. The ordinary proportion between the va-lue of any two commodities, not necessarilythe same as between the quantities of themcommonly in the market, 208. The price ofrude produce, howatVecled by the advance ofwealth and improvement, 2)3. Foreign, areprimarily purchased with the produce of do-mestic industry, 347. When advantageouslyexported in a rude state, even by a foreigucapital, 357. ihe quantity of, in every coun-try, naturally regulated by the demand, 399.Wealth in goods, and in money, compared,402, Exportation of, to a proper market, al-ways attended with more profit than that ofgold and silver, 407. The natural advantagesof countries in particular productions, some-times not possible to struggle against, 421.

Company, mercantile, incapable of consult*ing their true interests when they become sovereigns, 598. An exclusive company a pub-