JUGLANDACH®.
SILVA OF NORTE AMERICA.
119
at the apex, an eighth of an inch long, and covered with rusty brown or pale pubescence. The leavesare from fifteen to thirty inches long, with stout pubescent petioles and eleven to seventeen leaflets;these are oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, finely serrate with minute callous teethexcept at the unequally rounded base, and sessile or short-petiolulate, the terminal leaflet being raisedon a slender stalk often two to three inches in length; when they unfold they are vellow-green, slightlyglandular and sticky, lustrous and scurfy on the upper surface and puberulous on the lower; and atmaturity they are three to four inches long, an inch and a half to two inches wide, thin, yellow-green, andrugose above, and pale and soft-pubescent below, with conspicuous pale midribs rounded on the upperside and conspicuous primary veins. In the autumn the leaves turn yellow or brown and fall early.The catkins of staminate flowers are covered during the winter with the closely imbricated conspicuousflower bracts coated with pale tomentum, and vary from a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch in length;they begin to lengthen during the month of May, and when fully grown are from three to five incheslong, the flowers unfolding when the leaves have attained about half their size. The perianth of theflower, which is subtended by a bract covered with rusty pubescence and acute at the apex, is a quarterof an inch long, bright yellow-green, slightly puberulous on the outer surface, and usually six-lobed, thelateral lobes terminating in tufts of brown hairs; there are usually twelve or sometimes eight or tenstamens with nearly sessile dark brown anthers surmounted by their darker slightly lobed connectives.The female flowers are constricted above the middle and one third of an inch long, and are producedin six to eight-flowered spikes, maturing after the pollen of the staminate flowers has been mostly shed.The bract and bractlets which form the outer covering of the flower are coated with sticky white orpink glandular hairs; the bract is linear and acute, and is sometimes free at the base of the ovary or isoften adnate to it to the middle; the bractlets are broadly ovate, acute, entire or irregularly cut at theapex into numerous small teeth, and rather shorter than the linear-lanceolate sepals, which are puberu-lous on the outer surface. The stigmas are clavate, spreading, bright red, and half an inch long. Threeto five fruits often ripen on one branch; they are cylindrical, obscurely two or rarely four ridged,ovate-oblong, pointed, coated with rusty clammy matted hairs, and an inch and a half to two inches anda half in length. The nut is ovate or rarely obovate, abruptly contracted and acuminate at the apex,and furnished at the two sutures with thick broad ridges; alternate with these are two other ridgesnearly or quite as prominent, and between these dorsal and marginal ridges are four others narrowerand less developed; the thick hard wall is light brown, a quarter of an inch thick, and deeply sculpturedon the outer surface between the ridges into thin broad irregular broken longitudinal plates, andcontains numerous large internal longitudinal cavities ; it is two-celled at the base and one-celled abovethe middle, with a narrow pointed apical cavity. The cotyledons are ovate-oblong, ridged on the back,slightly concave on the inner face, rounded and entire at the base, and abruptly contracted above intothe long-pointed radicle.
Juglans cinerea prefers rich moist soil in which it grows near the banks of streams and on lowrocky hills, and is distributed from southern New Brunswick, the valley of the St. Lawrence River and Ontario 1 to eastern Dakota 2 and southeastern Nebraska ; 3 it ranges southward through thenorthern states to Delaware , southern Missouri , 4 and northeastern Arkansas , 5 and along the ApalachianMountains to northern Georgia and the headwaters of the Black Warrior River in Winston County,Alabama . 6 One of the most abundant trees in the lowland forests of the north, south of the OhioRiver the Butternut is nowhere very common and is usually of small size.
The wood of Juglans cinerea is light, soft, not strong, rather coarse-grained, and easily worked,with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish; it is light brown, turning darker with
1 Brunet, Cat . Ve'g. Lig. Can. 46. — Bell, Geolog . Rep. Can. 4 Broadhead, Bot. Gazette, iii. 60.
1878-80, 53°. — Macoun, Cat . Can. PI. 434. 6 Harvey, Am. Jour. Forestry, i. 452.
2 McMillan, Metaspermce of the Minnesota Valley, 177. * The Butternut has been seen by Dr. Charles Mohr in Alabama .
8 Bessey, Rep. Nebraska State Board Agric. 1894, 109. in Winston County only, where, however, it is exceedingly rare.