126 ALCOHOL. —Alcoholometry. Tealles’ Tables.
Liquors being vended by measure and not by weight,the centesimal amount by volume is usually preferred.But as the bulk of liquids generally, and particularlythat of alcohol, increases by heat, it is necessary thattheir reputed richness should have reference tosome hormal temperature; this standard, as fixedby Tralles in the construction of his tables, is60° Fahr.
The percentage by weight remains the same at alltemperatures, while the per cent, by volume varies withthe temperature of the liquid; and this' entails thenecessity of having the sample, in the course of beingtested, reduced to the standard degree of the table bycalculation or otherwise. In the subjoined table waterat 39°-8 Fahr., being its maximum density, is taken asthe standard for specific gravity, and is put as LOOO,which, at 60° Fahr., equals ’9991.
Tralles’ Table 1.
Per cent,of alcohol,by volume.
Spec. grav.of tlie liquidat tSO v .
Difference
of the
spec, gravs.
Per cent,of alcohol,by volume.
Spec. grav.ot the liquidat tiO°,
Differenceof thespec, gravs
0
0-9991
51
0-9315
20
1
9976
15
52
9295
20
2
9961
15
53
9275
20
3
9947
14
54
9254
21
4
9933
14
55
9234
20
5
9919
14
56
9213
21
6
9906
13
57
9192
21
7
9893
13
58
9170
22
8
9881
12
59
9148
22
9
9869
12
60
9126
22
10
9857
12
61
9104
22
11
9845
12
62
9082
22
12
9834
11
63
9059
23
13
9823
11
64
9036
23
14
9812
11
65
9013
23
15
9802
10
60
8989
24
16
9791
11
67
8965
24
17
9781
10
68
8941
24
18
9771
10
69
8917
24
19
9761
10
70
8892
25
20
9751
10
71
8807
25
21
9741
10
72
8842
25
22
9731
10
73
8817
25
23
9720
11
74
8791
26
24
9710
10
75
8765
26
25
9700
10
76
8739
26
26
9689
11
77
8712
27
27
9679
10
78
8685
27
28
9668
11
79
8658
27
29
9657
n
80
8631
27
30
9640
11
81
8603
28
31
9634
12
82
8575
28
32
9622
12
83
8547
28
33
9609
13
84
8518
29
34
9596
13
85
8488
30
35
9583
13
86
8458
30
36
9570
13
87
8428
30
37
9556
14
88
8397
31
38
9541
15
89
8365
32
39
9526
15
90
8332
33
40
9510
16
91
8299
33
41
9494
16
92
8265
34
42
9478
16
93
8230
35
43
9461
17
94
8194
36
44
9444
17
95
8157
37
45
9427
17
96
8118
39
46
9309
18
97
8077
41
47
9391
18
98
8034
43
48
9373
18
99
7988
46
49
9354
19
100
7939
49
50
9335
19
The third column of this table exhibits the differ-ences of the specific gravities, in order to facilitate the
calculation of fractions of percentage for specificgravities intermediate between those stated in thetable—the difference in the densities, as given in thethird column, becoming the denominator of the frac-tion, and the variation between the next and greatestspecific gravity in the table and that of the liquid inquestion forming the numerator. To illustrate thismethod of calculation by an example, let it be supposedthat the specific gravity of a liquid was found to be•9260 at 60° Fahr., which numbers, according to thetable, would indicate a percentage of alcohol between
53 and 54, or 53 and a fraction whose numerator isthe difference between -9275, the specific gravity ofan alcohol 53 per cent., and "9260, which differenceequals 15; this number forms the numerator of thefraction, whose denominator is the difference betweenthe specific gravities of the liquids containing 53 and
54 per cent, of alcohol, and which in the foregoing
table is 21; hence the value of the liquid, specificgravity -9260, is or 53’71 per cent.
The content, by weight, of alcohol in a liquid, thecentesimal value of whioh per volume has been found,is ascertained by a simple calculation. This operationis done by multiplying the content per volume ofalcohol into the specific gravity of absolute alcohol,and dividing the product by the specific gravity ofthe liquid. An example will aid the reader in com-prehending the manner of performing the work:—Suppose an alcohol of 50 per cent, by volume, whosedensity, according to the preceding table, is ’9335.Absolute alcohol in the table is "7939, and thismultiplied by 50, and the product divided by -9335,gives the percentage by weight, thus :—
•7939 X 50 = 39-6950 — -9335 = 42-5227 per cent.
It necessarily happens that alcoholic liquors areseldom at the very degree of the thermometer atwhich the preceding table has been drawn up, and asit is difficult to bring the sample to mark 60° Fahr.,Tealles, for the purpose of surmounting this ob-stacle, constructed another table, wherein the volumeof alcohol is given corresponding with the tempera-ture of the liquid at the time of the experiment.
Tkalx.es’ TABLE II.
Per cent.,byvolume,
Spec. grav.of the liquidat do''.
Increase of spec. grav. at the indicated temperaturebelow (>0°.
ot absolutealcohol.
+ 55°
50°
45°
40°
Z5°
SO®
0
0-9991
4
7
9
9
9
7
5
9919
4
7
9
10
10
9
10
9857
5
9
12
14
15
15
15
9802
6
12
17
21
23
25
20
9751
8
16
23
29
35
39
25
9700
10
21
31
39
48
56
30
9646
13
26
39
51
62
73
35
9583
16
31
46
61
75
89
40
9510
18
35
52
70
87
103
45
9427
19
39
57
76
94
112
50
9355
20
40
60
80
99
118
55
9234
21
42
63
84
104
124
60
9126
22
43
65
86
107
127
65
9013
22
45
67
88
109
130
70
8892
22
45
68
90
112
133
75
8765
23
46
68
91
113
135
80
8631
23
47
70
92
115
137
85
8488
23
47
70
93
116
139
90
8332
24
48
71
94
117
140