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ABB
Oct. 1562, at Guildford, in Surry. He studied at Oxford , waschosen principal of University College in 1597, installed dean of
inchester in 1599, and thrice elected vice-chancellor of theuniversity of Oxford in 1600, 1603, and 1605, The translation ofthe Bible , still in use, being begun in 1604, by order of kingJanies, dean Abbot was the second of eight divines, to whom thetranslation of the whole New Testament was committed. lie shewedinflexible zeal in 1618, against the royal declaration permittingSunday sports, which the archbishop had the courage and integrityto prohibit being read in the church. lie died at Croydon the 5thof August 1633, aged 71. He wrote several tracts on various sub-jects, among which was “ a Brief Description of the whole World.”
Abbot, Robert, elder brother to the archbishop, was born atGuildford in 156:), studied at Oxford , took his degree of A. M.in 1582. In 1610, he was appointed prebendary of Normanton,and in 1612 regius professor of divinity at Oxford .’ The lectures hegave upon the power of kings, against Bellarmine and Suarez,pleased James so well, that he appointed him to the see of Salisbury,to which he was consecrated by his own brother in 1615. In thisbishopric, he exercised an uncommon degree of diligence, visitinghi; whole diocese personally, and preaching weekly, lie diedof the stone on the 12th of March, 1618, aged 58, in the 3d year ofhis bishopric, being one of the five bishops which Salisbury had insix years. He published several pieces, and also left behind him sun-dry manuscripts, which Dr. Cooke made a present of to the Bod-leian Library .
ABBOT,S'-BROMLLY, or PAGET’S BROMLEY, a townin Staffordshire , 6 miles E. from Stafford, and 129 N. \V. fromLondon . Lon. 1. 53. W. Lat. 52. 51. N.
ABBOTSBURY, a town in Dorsetshire . Lon. 2. 42. W. Lat.50. 38. N.
ABBREVIATE OF ADJUDICATIONS, in Scots law, anabstract or abridgement of a decreet of adjudication, which is re-corded in a register kept for that purpose.
ABBREVIATION, is a contraction of a word or passage, madeby dropping some letters, or by substituting marks or character's intheir place. Abbreviations are employed in language three ways;in terms, in sorts of words, and in construction. Law yers, phy-sicians, chemists, Ac. use many abbreviations.
Abbreviation of fractions, is the reduction of them to lower
terms thus, £f=JL=?, and DfiZif = 'l£if. See Arithmetic, and36 12 3 3 be c
ABBREVIATORS, a college of 72 persons in lire chancery ofRome , w hose business, according to Champing is to draw up thepope’s briefs, and reduce the petitions granted by him into properform.
The abbreviators are divided into two parts or ranks; the onecalled abbreviatures depurco majore, who are twelve in number,and all prelates; the other, ubbreviatorcs tie par-eo minore, calledalso exarninatorcs, who may be all lay-men.
Also a name given by some authors, to a literary academy, saidto have been instituted at Rome in the 15th century, and composedof the chief literati of that age, such as Pomponius La'tus, Pla-tina, Pontanus, Sabellicus , Sannazarius, &c. who, upon^ theiradmission, changed their names to those of some ancient Greeks
or Romans.
JlVtliCtUClLslStt IKIUUV.'I ~ ~ ._ ■ - - ---
titled De nntis Ho mu nor inn Commentarins, and theSiglarium Ho-munorum of Mr. Gerrard. Mercerus, David de Pomis , Schindler,Buxtorf, &c. have given explanations of the Hebrew abbreviatures.
ABBREUVOIR, in masonry, certain indentures made with ahammer, in the joints and beds of stones, in order that the moitarhemp" received into these, may bind them the more firmly together.
ABBROCTJ M ENT, in law, the buying up, or engrossing of anywares, before they are brought to a fair or market, m order to sellthem by retail. . ,,,..
ABCEDARY, ABCEDARIAN, or ABECEDARIAN, anepithets iven to compositions, the parts of which are disposed in theorder of tlie letter's ot the alphabet: thus, we say, abcedarian
psalm-, lamentations, hymns, &c.
'These are met w ith chiefly among Hebrew writers, and as theyh^ve but 22 letters in their alphabet, poems of this kind crnsEt of
22 lines, or systems of lines or periods, and every line or periodbegins with each letter in its order. The 119th psalm is a very re-markable instance of this kind. Psalms 111. 112. and Lam. 3.are perfectly alphabetical, in which every line is marked by itsinitial letter. 'There are others, as Psalms 25. 34. 37. 145. &c.in which the stanza only is distinguished. This was a contrivanceprobably intended to assist the memory, and was employed in sub-jects of common use, as maxims of morality,and forms of devotion.
ABCOURT, a town near St. Germains, 4 leagues from Paris ,famous for a brisk chalybeate water, impregnated with carbonicacid gas, and alkali.
ABDALI.A, the son of Abdalmothleb, was the father of (lieprophet Mohammed . Several other Arabians of eminei.ee bore thesame name.
ABDALMALEK, the son of Mirvan, and the 5th khalif ofthe race of the Ommiades, surnamed Hunch al Hegianut, i. e. theskinner of a stone, because of his extreme avarice. He beganhis reign in the 65th of the hegira, A. D. 648, and reigned 15 years.
ABDALMELEK, Ben Zohar, an eminent physician, calledby the Europeans, Avenzoar .
ABDALMO THLEB, or ABD’AL MOTALLEB, the son ofHashem, the father of Abdalla, and grand-father of Mohammed .He died when Mohammed, ol whom he had taken peculiar care, wasonly 8 or 9 years old; aged, according to some 110, and accordingto other writers 120.
ABDALONYMUS, or ABDOI.ONYMUS, of the royalfamily of Sidon , and descended from king Cyniras, was contentedto live in obscurity, and get his subsistence by cultivating a garden,while Slrato was m possession of the crown of Salon.' Alexanderthe Great , having deposed Strato, made him king.
ABDALS, in the eastern countries, a kind of saints supposed tohe inspired to a degree of madness. 'I'he word comes, perhaps,from the Arabic, abdallah, the servant of God. The Persians callthem devaneb kbodu, similar to the Latins’ way of speaking oftheir prophets and sybils, q. d. furentes dco, raging with the god.'They are often carried by excess of zeal, especially in the Indies,to run about the streets, and kill all they meet of a different reli-gion; of which travellers furnish many instances. The English call this running a muck, from the name of the instrument, a sortof poniard, which they employ on those desperate occasions. Ifthey are killed, as it commonly happens, before they have donemuch mischief, they reckon it highly meritorious; and are esteemedby the vulgar, martyrs for their faith.
ABDARA, or ABDERA, in ancient geography, a town ofBnlica in Spain , a Phoniician colony; now called Adra, to theW. of Almeira, in Granada .
ABDERA, in ancient geographv, a maritime town of Thrace ,near the mouth of the Nessus. It is famous for being the birth-place of Protagoras, Democritus, Anaxarchus , Ilecataus the his-torian, Nicemems the poet, See.
ABDKRAHMA, a Saracen viceroy in Spain , who revolted,and set up an independant principality at Cordova. lie had se-veral successors of the same name.
ABDER1AN LAUGHTER, foolish and incessant laughter,so called from Democritus the Abderile, the laughing philosopher .
ABDER1TES, or AliDKRlTAN I, the inhabitants of Abdera.
ABDES'T, a Persian word, literally signifying the water playedin a bason for washing the hands, but used to express the purifica-tions, practised by the Mahometans, before they enter on theirreligious ceremonies.
AUDI AS OF BABYLON, one of the boldest of legend writers,who boasted he had seen our Saviour, See. llis hook entitledllintoria cerlaminin apostoliei, was published hv Wolfgang La-zius, at Basil , 1551; and it has since borne several impressions indiflerent places.
ABDOMEN, in anatomy, the lower part of the trunk of thebody, reaching from the thorax to the bottom of the pelvis. SeeAnatomy.
ABDOMINALES, Abdominal Fish , which have the ventralfins placed behind the pectoral in the abdomen, and constitute theIV. order, of the iv. class of nnimals in the Limucan system. 'Thisorder comprehends sixteen genera, viz. Arnia; Clupia; Flops;Fustularia; Pulynemas; Argentina ; Cobilis; Erox; Loricaria;Sahno; Atherina; Teuthis; Cyprinus; Exodus; Mugil; Siluris.
J ABDON, acity of Asher, given to the Gerdioinites,.
Audon,