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his life as a soldier. Having afterwards been an attendant at thelectures of Socrates , he was principally charmed with those exhor-tations of that great philosopher, which persuaded to frugality, totemperance, and to moderation : these Antisthenes was resolvedto practise by carrying every precept to its utmost extent. Per-mitting therefore his beard to grow, he went about the streets ina thread-bare coat, scarcely to be distinguished from a commonbeggar. He prided himself tipon the most rigid virtue, andthought himself obliged to attack the vicious wherever he foundthem. This gave him some reputation in the city ; but it may-be supposed, that, in a place so very luxurious as Athens, he hailmore enemies than disciples. His philosophy consisted rather inaction than speculation: it was therefore his constant maxim, Thatto be virtuous was to be happy, and that all virtue consisted inaction; that the wise man should live for himself, contented in allsituations, and happy- alone in the consciousness of his own vir-tue. lie acknowledged nothing to be good but what was ho-nourable ; and asserted, that virtue might be acquired by prac-tice. Laertius tells 11 s there were ten volumes of his works ; andhe has given us many of his apophthegms.

AKTISTITIUM, is a term used in ancient chronicles for anabbev or mcnastery.

ANTISTOECIlON, or ANTISTOICIION, [from «v7,, ands-M^usy, letter,] a grammatical figure whereby one letter is usedinstead of another.

ANTISTROPHE, [ ayhc-^ofyi, from revli, the contrary way, andr-yfii, turning,] in an ode supposed to be sung in parts, the secondstanza of every- three, or sometimes every second stanza; so calledbecause the dance (urns about.

Antistrophe, [from «vt>, and rjtsiu, to turn,] a kind of dancein use among the ancients; wherein they stepped sometimes tothe right and sometimes to the left, still doubling their turns orconversions.

Antistrophe, in grammar, a figure by which two things mu-tually depending on one another, are reciprocally converted ; as,the servant of the master, the master of the servant.

Antistrophe, in rhetoric, the same with what is more com-monly called epistrophe.

ANTISYLLOGISM, in logic, a syllogism, which infers acontrary conclusion to that of another syllogism.

ANT1TACTJE, or ANTITACTICI, [from avrflarlw, to op-pose,] in church history, a branch of Gnostics , who held, thatGod was good and just, but that a creature had created evil;and consequently that it is our duty to oppose this author of evil,in order to avenge God of his adversary.

ANTITHEN AT, in anatomy, a name given to divers muscles,otherwise called adductors, or adducent muscles. See Anatomy.

ANTITHESIS, placing in opposition,] opposition

of words or sentiments; contrast ; as in these lines:

Though gentle, yet not dull, 1

Strong without rage, without o’erllowing, full. j

Antithesis , in grammar, a figure whereby one letter is substi-tuted in the rqom of another ; as olLi for illi.

Antithesis, in rhetoric, a contrast or opposition of words orsentiments. Such is that of Cicero , in his second oration againstCataline.—“On one side standsinodesty, on the other impudence;on one fidelity, on the other deceit; here piety, there sacrilege;here continency, there lust, &c.” Such also is that of Augustus to some seditious young men: “ Andile, juvenes, senem, quern ju-venem senes audivere:” and that of Seneca : “ Cura? Leves loquun-tur, ingentes stupent.” St. Augustine, Seneca, Salvian , anil many-other ancient writers, seem greatly to affect antithesis; but amongthe moderns they are generally decried. Desmaretz representsthem as the favourites of young writers.

ANTLTHETON, [from «*«,against, and to put, Gr.]

in rhetoric, a figure wherein contraries are set in opposition to eachother.

ANT1TR1NITAR1ANS, [«t», against, and Trinitarians, ]those who deny the Trinity, and teacli that there are not three per-sons in the Godhead. Among the moderns, Antitriniturians areparticularly understood of Socinians.

ANTI'f Y PE, [av7ivi»r©',] that which is resembled or shadowedout.by (he type ; that of which the type is the representation. Itis a term of theology-. See Type.

Antitype, among divmes, is variously interpreted. It oc-curs twice in the New Testament; viz. in the Epistle to the He-

voi. 1 .—no. 12.

brews, ix. 14. and in St. Peter, 1 Eph. lii. 21. where its genuineimport has been much controverted.

Antitype, among the ancient Greek fathers, and.in the Greekliturgy, is also applied to the symbols of bread and wine in theSacrament. Hence it has been argued, by many Protestants , thatthe Greeks do not really believe the doctrine of transubstantiation ;because they call the bread and wine, antitypes, avrnwo, q. d.figures, similitudes; and this even after the consecration.

ANTIVETRIA, a subdivision of New Castile in S, America ,situated S. of Carthagena.

ANTLER, among sportsmen, a start or branch of a deer’s attire.

Antler Bes, the branch next above the brow-antler.

Antler Brow, the branch next the head.

ANTLIA, an ancient machine supposed to be the same withthe pump.

ANTOCOW, in farriery-, a swelling in the breast of a horse,

ANTOECI, [from oVU" and o««», to inhabit,] in geography,those inhabitants of the earth, who live under the same meridian,and at the same distance from the equator ; the one toward thenorth, and the other to the south. Hence they- have the samelongitude, and their latitude is also the same, but of a differentdenomination. They have precisely the same hours of the dayand night, but opposite seasons ; and the night of the one is af-wavs equal to the day of the other.

AN r l OINE, a town of France, in the department of Isere ,13 miles E. of Lyons.

ANTOMOSIA, [from av«, and o/xou, 1 swear,] in ancient wri-ters, an oath taken by both the parties in a criminal accusation ;whereby the accuser charged the other with the fact, aud the ac-cused, in his turn, denied the same.

ANTON IN US, AureliusFulvius, simamed Pius,the Romanemperor, was horn at Lanuvium in Italy , A. D. 86, of a familyoriginally from Nismes in Languedoc . His character was in allrespects one of the noblest that can he imagined; and he had thetitle of Pius given him by the senate. We have no regular ac-count of the transactions of his reign, as Capitolinus has writtenin a very confused manner ; and we have only an abridgment ofDion Cassius’s history by Xiphilin now remaining. He managedthe public revenues with great frugality, yet was extremely ge-nerous ; was fond of peace, and in war preferred the reputationof justice to all the advantages which might be gained by victory-,lie was more intent upon preserving the bounds of his empirethan extending them; and he often made use of Scipio ’s ex-pression, That he chose rather to save one citizen than kill athousand enemies. By this couduct he made himself universallyesteemed and revered in that age, and admired by posterity.This great and good emperor died in 101, aged seventy-five,Slaving reigned twenty-three years. He was succeeded by- hisadopted son, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, sirnamed the Philo-sopher, whose book of Meditation is deservedly esteemed.

Antoninus ’s Wall, the third rampart that had been built bythe Romans against the incursions ot the North Britons. It 19called by the people in the neighbourhood, Graham’s Dyke ;from the notion that one Graham, or Grimus, first made abreaeh init after the retreat of the Romans out of Britain . The first barriererected by the Romans was the chain of fofts made by- Agricolafrom the frith of Forth to that of Clyde, in the year 81, to pro-tect his conquests from the inroads of the Caledonians. Thesecond was the valuin, or dyke, Hung up by Adrian in the year121. It terminated on the western side of the kingdom, at Axe-lodunum, or Burgh, on the Solway- sands ; and was supposed tohave reached no further than Pons ,EIii, or Newcastle, on theeastern side. But from an inscription lately discovered, it ap-pears to have extended as far as the wail of Severus. This ram-part of Adrian’s was situated much further south than Agricola’schain; the country to the north having been either, according tosome authors, recovered by the native Britons after the departureof Agricola; or, according to others, voluntarily slighted byAdrian. However, this work of Adrian’s did not long’continueto be the extreme boundary of the Roman territories to the northin Britain. For Antoninus Pius , having, by- his lieutenant Lol-lius Urbicus, recovered the country once conquered by Agricola,commanded anoti.-’r rampart to be ..retted between the friths ofForth and Clyde, in the iract where Agricola had formerly, builthis chair, of forts. T he great number of inscriptions which havebeen found in or near the ruins of this wall, to the honour3 B of