ARC
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Bristol, Chichester, Litchfield and Coventry, St. David’s, Klv,Exeter, Gloucester, Hereford, Landaff, Lincoln, London , Nor-wich, Oxford, Peterborough, Rochester, Salisbury, Winchester,and Worcester. '1'o h ork appertain the bishoprics of Carlisle,Chester, and Durham ; to which may be added the bishopric ofSudor and Man, whose bishop is not a Lord of Parliament . 'Pilearchbishop of Canterbury hau till the year 1152, jurisdiction overIreland as well as England, and was stvled a patriarch,.and some-times “ alterius orbis papa,” and “orbis Britannic! pontifex.”Matters were recorded m his name thus, “ Anno pontificates nos-tri primo, Ac.” The first archbishop of Canterbury was Austin,appointed by king Etlielbert, on his conversion to Christianity ,about the year jys. lie is the first peer of England, and the nextto the royal family ;-having precedence of ail dukes and all greatofneers of the crown. It is his privilege, by custom, to mownthe kings and queens of this kingdom. He may retain and qua-lify eight chaplains ; whereas a duke is by statute allowed only'six. lie also holds several courts of judicature; as, court ofarches, court of audience, prerogative court, and court of pecu-liars. He is addressed with the title of Grace, and Most Reve-rend Father in God . The archbishop of York has the like rightsin his piovince, as the archbishop of Canterbury . lie has pre-cedence of all dukes not of the royal blood ; and of all officersof state, except the lord high chancellor. The first archbishop ofYork was Paulinus, appointed ny Pope Gregory about the year022. He had formerly jurisdiction over all the bishops of Scot-land ; but in 1470, pope Sextus IV. created the bidiop of St.Andrew’s, archbishop and metropolitan of all Scotland. Ireland hasfour archbishops; of Armagh, Dublin , Cash:!, andlium; ofwhom the first is primate of all Ireland .
ARCH-BUTLER, one of the great officers of the late Ger-man empire, who presents the first cup to the emperor on solemnoccasions.
ARCH-CIIAMBERLAIN, an officer of the late German empire ; the same with the great chamberlain in England.
\-rltC II-C H AN C FLUOR, a high officer who, in ancient times,presided over the secretaries of the court.
ARCHDEACON , [urchidiaconus, Lab] one that suppliesthe bishop’s place and office in such matters as belong to the epis-copal function. The law styles him the bishop’s vicar, or vice-gerent. An archdeacon is next to a bishop. Ilis jurisdictionextends cither over the whole diocese or a part of it. He isusually appointed by the bishop himself; and hath a kind of epis-copal authority, originally derived from the bishop, but now in-dependent and distinct from his. He theretore visits the clergy,and has his separate court for puni hment of offenders by spiri-tual censures, and for hearing all other causes of ecclesiasticalcognizance. r l here are sixty archdeacons in England.
Archdeacon’s Court , is held, in the archdeacon’s absence,before a judge appointed by himself, and called his official ; andits jurisdiction is sometimes in concurrence with, sometimes inexclusion of, the bishop’s court of the diocese. From hence,however, by statute 24 Hen . VIII. c.. 12. there lies an appeal tothe bishop.
ARCliDRUID, the chief or pontiff of the ancient druids of anation.
ARCHDUKE , a duke vested with some quality, pre-emi-nence, and authority, above other dukes. The archduke ofAustria is a very ancient title. There have also formerly been arch-dukes of Lorrain and Brabant.
ARCHDUKEDOM, the territory and jurisdiction of an Arch-duke .
ARCHE, among physicians, the first period of a disease.
ARCIIELAUS, a celebrated Greek philosopher, the discipleof Anaxagoras , flourished about 440 years before Christ. Heread lectures at Athens, and did not depart much from theopinions of his master. He taught that there was a double prin-ciple of all things, namely, the expansion and condensationof the air, which he regarded as infinite. Heat, accordingto him, was in a continual motion Cold was ever at rest.The earth, which was placed in the midst of the universe, had nomotion. It originally resembled a wet marsh, but was afterwardsdried up ; and its figure, he said, resembled that of an egg. So-crates, the most illustrious of his successors, was his disciple .
Archelaus, cue of the sons of Herod the Great , was declared
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king of Judea , A. D. 2. and soon proved himself the worthy succes-sor of that bloody tyrant, for lie murdered 3000 persons before hewent to Rome to be confirmed by Augustus . However, thatemperor gave him half of what had been possessed bv bis father ;Cut at length, on fresh complaints exhibited against him by theJews , he. banished him to Vienne in Gaul, A. D. d. where lie died.Alstedius and others say lie reigned n.ne vei.r-. To avoid thefury of this monster, Joseph m l Alary retired to Nazareth.
ARCH EMY , is used by some to denote the art of transmutingless perfect metals into the more perfect.
AffCIlENDA, in the ancient physic, a kind of powder pre-pared of alcanna and leaves of the Egyptian ligustrum.
ARCHERS, a kind of militia or soldiery' armed with bowsand arrows. Archers were much employed in former times: hutthey aie now laid aside, excepting in Turkey and some of theeastern countries; where there are companies of archers still sub-sisting in tiieir armies, and with which they did terrible execu-tion at the battle of Lepanto .
ARCH ERY, the art or exercise of shooting with a bow and ar-row. In most nations the bow was anciently the principal imple-ment of war, and by the expertness of the archers alone was oftendecided the fate of battles and of empires. In this island arehervwas greatly encouraged in former times, awl many statutes weremade for file regulation thereof; whence the English archers be-came the best in Europe , and obtained many signal victories.The Artillery Company of London , though they have long dis-used the weapon, are the remains of the ancientbowmen or archers.
ARC11ES-COU RT, the chief and most ancient consistorythat belongs to the archbishop of Canterbury , for the debating ofspiritual causes, so called from Bow-church in London , where itis kept, whose top is raised of stone pillars, built arch-wise. Thejudge oftliis court is termed the dean of the arches, or official of thearclies-court. To this court appeals lie from all the inferior courts.
ARCHETYPE, [from bixi, and rw®', a type,] in mechanics,the first model of a work; among minters it is used for the standardweight by w hich the others are adjusted. In a general sensearchetype is the original or prototype, and is opposed to copy.
ARCIFEUS, [from recx’i, the principal, chief, or first mover,]a sort of priinum mobile; supposed by Van Hehnont, to super-intend tl'e animal economy, and preserve it. It is akin to Plato ’saninia linindi.
Archeus, in chemistry, the highest spirit that can be extractedfrom mixed bodies.
ARCI1-FLAMINES, in antiquity, the chief priest among theancient Romans.
ARCIIIACOLYTIILS, [from chief, and axo\v9o;, mi-nister,] an ancient dignity in cathedral churches.
ARC 111 EROS YNES, (from and isjo;, sacred,) in the
Grecian antiquity, a high priest with authority over tiie rest of thepriests.
ARCI1IGALLUS, the high priest of Cybele .
ARC111GERONTES, [from regx.°>'> and yqcuv, old,] in an-tiquity 7 , the masters of the companies of artificers at Alexandria.
ARCHIGl’BERNETA, ARC11IGUBERNITES, ARCIII-GUBERNUS, in antiquity, the commander of the imperial ship,,or that which the emperor was aboard of. Some have confoundedthe office of archigubermis w ith that of praelectus classis, or admi-ral, but the former was under the command of the latter.
ARCHIL, Archilla- See Lichen.
ARCIIILOCIIIAN, in poetry, a sort of verse invented byArchilochus , consisting of seven feet; the four first whereof areordinarily dactyls, though sometimes spondees; the three lasttrochees, as “ Solvitur acris liyems, grata vice veris & Favoni.”
ARCHILOCHUS, a famous Greek poet and musician, co-temporary with Candaules and Gyges , kings of Lydia, whoflourished about 724B. C. But according to Blair in 686. ThoughArchilochus showed an early attachment to poetry and music,these arts did not prevent his going into the army ; but in (he firstengagement at which lie was present, the young poet like Horaceand our own Studding, lost his buckler, though he saved lus lifeby the help of his heels. “ it is much easier, ("said he) to get anew buckler than a new existence.” This pleasantry, howeverdid not save hi.- reputation ; nor could his pcetry or prayers pre-vail upon .Lycambes, the father of his mistress, to let him marryhis daughter, though she had been long promised to him. Afterthese mortifications, his life seems to pave been one continued3 g tissue