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tissue of disgrace and resentment; so that the rage of Archi- Ilochus became proverbial; and the provoking this satirist wascompaied to the treading upon a serpent: a comparison not too !revere; if it be true that Lycambes and his three daughters, were jso mortified by his satire, as to be driven to the consolation of a 1halter. Plutarch says, there is no bard of antiquity by whom the ]two arts of poetry and music have been so much advanced as by jArchilochus , d o him is attributed particularly the sudden trail- Isilion from one rhythm to another of a different kind, and the 1manner of accompanying those irregular measures upon the lyre, jTo him is ascribed the invention of Epodes. lie is also generally iranked among the first victors of the Pvthic aames : and we leal n ]from Pindar, that his muse was net always a termagant; for thouglino mortal escaped her rage, yet she was at times sufficiently tran-quil and pious to nictate hymns in praise of the gods and heroes.
ARC 11 [MAGUS, the high-priest of tire Persian Magi or wor-shippers of fire.
ARCH 1MANDR1TE, a minister, the same as an abbot.
ARCHIMEDES , a celebrated geometrician, born at Svra-ru-e, and related to Micro king of Syracuse, lie was remark - ‘able f.r his extraordinary application to mathematics, in which ilie used to be so much engace I, that Irs servants were often obli- Igod to take him from Ifis studies by force. He had such a sur- iprising invention in mechanics, that he affirmed to lliero, if he [had another earth, whereon to plant his machines, lie could jmove this which we inhabit. He is said to leave formed a glass 'sphere, of a most surprising workmanship, wherein the motions :of the heavcnlv bodies were represented. I it: discovered the jexact qu.-ntity of the silver, which a goldsmith hud mixed withthe gold, in a crown he had made for the king: lie had the hintof this discovers' from his perceiving the water rise up the sides Iof the bath as he went into it, and was filled with sucli joy, that •he ran naked out of the bath, crying, Eujsxra! ! “I have j
found it! I have found it!” By the invention of machines, he, ]for a long time, defended Syracuse when it was besieged by Mar- jcellus. On the city’s being’taken, that general commanded his !soldiers to have a particular regard to the safety of this truly great Iman; but hi* care was ineffectual. “ What gave Marcellus the ]greatest concern (says Plutarch), was the unhappy Archimedes , iwho was at that time in his musseuin, and ins mind, as well as |his eyes, so fixed and intent upon some geometrical figures, that <he neither heard the noise and hurry ot the Romans, nor per-ceived that the city was taken. In this depth of study and con-templation, a soldier came suddenly upon him, and commandedhim to follow him to Marcellus"; which he refusing to do till hehad finished his problem; the soldier, in a rage, drew his sword,and ran him through the body.” This happened B. C. 208. Ci-cero, when he was qua'stor in Italy , discovered his tomb, onwhich wa< carved a cylinder and spiiere. Most of the works ofthis great mathematician are lo-t. 11 is pieces which remain are:1. Two books of the Spiiere and Cylinder 2. The Dimensionsof a Circle. 3. Of Centres of Gravity, or .'Equiponderants. 4. OfSpheroids and Conoids. :>. Of Spiral Lines. 0. The Quadratmeof a Parabola. 7. Of the Number of the Sand. 8. Of Bodiesthat fioat on Fluids. The be-t edition of his works, is that pu-blished at Oxford, folio, 1 92. lie greatly enriched the ma-thematics ; lie was the first who squared eurviliueal spaces, ex-cept the lane, squared by Hippocrates , lie ascertained the re-lation of spheres, spheroids, ami conoids to cylinders; and
made^near approximations to the quadrature of the circle; healso determined the measures of the spiral.
Archimedes 's Burning Glass. See Burning glass.
Archimedes’s Screw. See Screw .
ARClllMLMK, or ARCHIMIMUS, [front e W , andmimic,] an arch-buffoon, or capital niimir. The arehimimes,among the Romans, were persons who imitated the manners,gestures, and speech, both of people living, and dead.
ARCHIPELAGO, in geography, a general term, implyinga sea interrupted by a great number of islands; more paiticularlythe /Egean Sea. See T.gf.an Sea.
Archipelago , Northern, extends between the east coastof KamLchatka, and the west coast of America , and compre-hends four dusters of islands: viz. 1. Sasignan, containing fiveislands; 2. Kliao, including eight islands; both these groups to-gether are called the Aluthian islands: 3. the Andreanoflski Os-trova, comprises sixteen islands; and, 4. the Lyssie, or Foxislands, include also’sixteen islands. Modern geographers men-tion other Archipelagos ; such as,
Archipelago of Lazarus, near the coasts of Malabar andMalacca.
Archipelago of the Philippines , called by some the GreatArchipelago, containing the Philippines, the Moluccas, Cele-bes , &c.
ARC 1II I 1 i I F.R AC IT.F, [formed of chief and pis,
division, or chapter,'] ministers in the Jewish synagogues, ap-pointed to read and interpret the Perakim, or titles and heads ofthe law, and the prophets.
ARC 111 PRESBYTER, or ARCH-PRIEST, a priest esta-blished in some dioceses with a superiority oyer the rest.
ARCiliSTRATEGUS, the generalissimo, or captain-gene-ral of an army.
ARCHISYNAGOGUS, the chief of the synagogue; thetitle of an officer among the Jews , wiio presided in their ^ mi-gogues and assemblies.
ARCHITECT, [<»gx o f» chief, and nxrm, an artificer,'] a per-son who forms plans and designs for edifices, conducts the work,and directs the artificers employed in it. The most celebratedarchitects are Vitruvius, Palladio, Scamozzi, Serlio , Vignola,Barbaro, Cataneo, Alberti, Viola, Inigo Jones , De Lorme,Perraulf, S. J.e Clerc, Sir Christopher Wren , and the Earl ofBurlington: to whom we may add iVlylne, the Adamses, andothers of our own country. Vitruvius enumerates twelve qua-lities requisite to constitute a good architect; that he be docileand ingenious; well educated ; skilled in designing, in geome-try, optics, arithmetic, history, philosophy, music, medicine,law, and astronomy. Close application to die study of ancientmasters, and the remaining works of the ancients, together withjudgement and taste to select, and apply the hints which such ex-amples afford, joined to a peculiar genius ter the study of thisart, are necessary to render an architect eminent in ins profes-sion.
ARC1IITECTOGRAPH1 A, the description of ancient build-ings, temples, theatres, arches, pyramid-, bulbs, gates, aque-ducts, tombs, and the like.
ARCHITECTURE, the art or science of building, wlielher I’Tor habitation or defence; it is divided into civil, military, and,naval.
Civil architecture, called absolutely, ami by way of emi-nence, architecture , teaches how to make any kirtd of buildings,.as palaces, churches, houses, bridges, porticos, &c. We mayobserve, respecting the origin of architecture , that nature wouldat once suggest to mankind the necessity of providing for them-selves proper habitations; hence this science, we may reasonablyconclude, is nearly as old as the human race. At first, it is pro-bable, they prepared caves, booths, and huts variously construct-
ed, and from these the orders of prehiteeture took their rise.'For when buildings of wood were set aside, and men began toerect solid and stately edifices of stone, they imitated the pari*which necessity had introduced into the primitive lints; in somuch that the upright trees, with the stones at each end ot them,were the origin of columns, liases, and capitals; and the beamsjoists, rafters, and strata of materials that formed the covering,gave birth to architraves, frizes, tnglyphs, and cornices, withthe corona, (he nullifies, the modillions, and the dentils. Seethe representations of primitive huts in Plate XI. fig. 3, 4. and 5.The first buildings were in all likelihood rough aud uncouth y>s