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defensive Mar. The establishment of the Amphictyons broughttogether the chiefs most distinguished bv birth and bravery.Glory and emulation prompted them to arms, and revenge di-rected those arms against the barbarians. Jason, Admetus , andother chieftains of r i iiessaly, having equipped a small licet in theneighbouring harbour of loleus, and particularly the ship Argo,of superior size and construction to any before Itnown, were ani-mated with a desire to visit foreign lands, to plant colonies in thoseparts of them tiiat appeared most delightful, anti to retort on theirinhabitants the injuries which Greece had suffered from strangers.The princes of the north having proclaimed this spirited designover the central and southern provinces, the standard of enter-prize and glory was speedily surrounded by the (lower of theGrecian youth, who eagerly embraced this honourable opportunityto signalize their manly valour. Peleus , Tydeus, Telamon, andin general the fathers of tltose heroic chiefs, who in the succeedingage shone with distinguished lustre in the plains of Troy,are num-bered among the leaders of the Argonauts . They were accom-panied by the chosen warriors, and by the venerable prophets oftheir respective tribes; by an Escuhipius, the admired father ofthe healing art; and by the divine Orpheus , whose sublime geniuswas worthy to celebrate the amazing series of their adventures.These adventures, however, have been too much adorned by thegraces of poetry, to be the proper subjects of historical compo-sition. The designs of the Argonauts are veiled under the alle-gorical, or at least doubtful, phrase, of carrying off the goldenfleece.”
Argonauts of St. Nicholas, a military order, instituted byCharles III. king of Naples, in 1382, for the advancement ofnavigation, or, as some say, merely for preserving amity amongthe nobles. They wore a collar of shells, inclosed iii a silvercrescent, whence hung a ship with this device, Non credo tem-pori, “ I do not trust time.” . Hence these Argonaut knightscame to lie called knights of the shell.
ARGONNE, a late province or territory of France , betweenthe rivers Meuse , Marne, and Aine. St. Menehold was thecapital.
ARGOPHYLLUM, white-leaf. A genus of the mono-gynia order, and pentandria class of plants. Calyx live cleft;corolla livc-petalled ; capsule trilocular ; nectarium pyramidal,pentagonous, and the length of the corolla; seeds many. Jt isindigenous to New Caledonia .
ARGOS, an ancient name of Peloponnesus ; so called fromArgus, one of its kings.
Argos, an inland town, and the capital of Argolis or Argeia. Ithad different epithets: as Achaicum, from the country, or the origi-nal people ; llippium, from its breed of horses; and Inachium, fromthe river Inachus, or from Inacims the founder of the kingdom,whose name was given to the river; and whose queen Argia, gavename to the country, Argeia.
Argos, [agio;, from « negative, and !§/ov, work, or business;as if it were asjAf,] any thing not prepared. Tlius agfi>; ao/boo; issilver not worked; «gJit ra-ojoi, in Hippocrates , is crude wheat, notprepared, but such as it is when taken from the floor.
ARGOW, or AARGOW, a county of Sw itzerlancl, seated onthe Aar.
ARGUIM, or ARGUIN, an island on the coast of Africa .Lon. 17. 20. VV. Lat. 20. 30. N.
ARGUMENT, in logic and rhetoric, an inference drawn frompremises, the truth of which is indisputable, or at least highly pro-bable. Or, it is a medium connected with two extremes, fromwhich is inferred the connection of the two extremes themselves.'Pile arguments of orators receive particular denominations, ac-cording to the topics from whence they are derived ; finis, wemeet with arguments from affection, which interest the passions ofthe person to whom they are addressed; also with the argumentsit tuto, ad ignaiium, ab invidiu, frc. See Logic.
Argument, in astronomy, denotes any known arch or quan-tity by which another required arch or quantity may be found.Thus, the argument of the moon’s latitude [is her distance fromthe node.
Argument of Inclination, or Argument of Latitude,of any planet, is an arcli of a planet’s orbit, intercepted betweenthe ascending node and the place of the planet from the sun, num-bered according to the succession of the signs.
moon’s true place from the sun’s true place. Ry this is foundthe quantity of the real obscuration in eclipses, or how many di-gits are darkened in any place.
Argument, Annual, of the moon’s apogee, or simply, an-nual argument, is the distance of the sun’s place from the placeof the moon’s apogee; that is, the arc of the ecliptic comprisedbetween those two places.
ARGUMENTATION, reasoning; the act of reasoning. Ar-gumentation is that operation of the mind, whereby we infer oneproposition from two or more propositions premised. Or it is theilrawing conclusion, which before was unknown, or doubtful,from some propositions more known and evident; so when wehave judged that matter cannot think, and that the mind of mandoth think, we conclude, that therefore the mind of man is notmatter. The subject of argumentation is propositions; the form,their due disposition, with regard to one another, so as a conclu-sion may be drawn from them. See Enthymeme , Induction,Proposition, Ratiocination, Sorites, Syllogism , &c.
ARGUMENTUM ad Verecundia.m, is to allege the opi-nions of men, whose parts and learning, eminency, power, orsome other cause, has gained a name, and settled their reputationin the common esteem, with some kind of authority.
Argumf.ntum ad Ignorantiam, is to require the adversariesto admit what thev allege as a proof, or to assign a better.
Argumentum ad Judicium, an argument addressed to thejudgement, drawn from any foundation of knowledge or probabi-lity. Mr. Locke reckons this the best species of argument.
Argumentum a Tuto, an argument drawn from the consi-deration, that it is more safe to choose the one side of a questionthan the other, where the evidence seems doubtful or nearly equalon botli shies.
Argumentum Haculinum, literally a cudgelling or knock-him-dowu argument; and is applied in cases where compulsion isused instead of reasoning.
ARGUS, in fabulous history, was the son of Aristor, and had100 eyes, 50 of which were always open. Juno made choice ofhim to guard io, whom Jupiter transformed into a white heifer;but Jupiter pitying lo for being so closely contined, sent M'ercurv,who, with his flute, charmed Argus to sleep, sealed up his eyeswith bis caduceus,.and then cut off his head; when Juno, to re-ward his fidelity, turned him into a peacock, and placed his eyesin its tail.
Argus-shell, in conchyliology, a species of porcelain shell,beautifully variegated with spots, resembling those in a pea-cock’s tail.
AIIGUTLE, witty and acute sayings, which commonly sig-nify something further than what their mere words seem to im-port.
ARGYLE, or ARGYLL, a county of Scotland , bounded onthe S. by the Irish sea and the Frith of Clyde; on the E. by thecounties of Perth and Dumbarton; on tiie N. E. by Lochaber ;and on the N. \V. by several islands. It comprehends Kintyre,Knapdale, Argyle Proper, Cowal, and Lorn.
ARG YRASPIDES, or ARGYROASPIDES, [fromsilver, and ogreiririf, a shield,] in antiquity, soldiers armed with silverbucklers, or bucklers silvered. This corps according to QuintusCurtius, was the second of Alexander's army ; the phalanx beingthe first.
ARGYRITiE agonis, in antiquity, games in which moneywas the prize.
ARGYT11AMNIA, a genus of the class and order moiia-ciatetandria ; male calyx, four-leaved, corolla four-petalled ; fern,calyx live-leaved; corolla none ; styles dicchotomous; capsulenicoceous; solitary seeds. There is one shrubby species, a nativeof Jamaica .
ARIIUSEN, or AARIIUSEN. See Aarhuus.
ARIA, [Aotin, Gr: martial,] one of the ancient names of Thrace ,from Ine character of the people, whose country Euripides callsthe residence of Mars. It was the birth place ol Sophocles .
Aria, in music. An air, song, or time.
ARIADNzKA, in Grecian antiquity, two festivals at Naxos , inhonour of two women named Ariadne . One of them was,
ARIADNE, daughter of Minos king of Crete. Theseus being sent to destroy the Minotaur, Ariadne was so taken withhim, that, as a testimony of her love, she gave Theseus a clue ofthread to guide him out of the labyrinth. Theseus , having killed
the