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MUM, \Y A KERO BIN, or CGCKOW-PLNT, a genus ofthe polvandria order, and gynandria clast of plants; and in tin-'natural order, Piperita - . tSpatha monophylloiis, cowl-shaped;spadix cylindrical, androgynous, naked above, bearing the sta-mina in the middle. It has upwards of 30 species, containedunder three divisions. 1. Vt’ilhout steins ; leaves compound. 2.Without stems ; leaves simple. 3. Caulescent.
A. Cqlocassia, as well as the A. Divarication, Esculentum,Peivsrrinuiu, and Sagitlifolium, have all mild roots, which are eatenby the inhabitants of the hoL countries, where they grow natu-rally ; and some of them are cultivated by the inhabitants of thesugar colonies, where their roots are constantly eaten ; and eventhe leaves of some of them, particularly those of the esculentum,which thev call Indian kale; and which, in those countries wheremain-of the esculent vegetables of England are with difficultyproduced, prove a good succedaneum.
A. Dr agontium, Dragon, has a large, tuberous, fleshyroot, w Inch in the spring puts up a straight stalk about three feethigh* spotted like the belly of a snake ; the flower basso strong ascent of carrion, that few persons can endure it. It grows natu-rally-in most of the southern parts-of Europe , and is preserved ingardens to supply the markets with the roots which are u-ed in me-dicine. 2. A. maculatum, or common wake-robin, called “ Lordsand Ladies,’’and in Worcestershire , “ Bloody mens’ Fingers;’’’ theleaves are halberd-shaped, very entire, and spotted ; the berries nu-merous, growing in a naked cluster. The flowers appear in April; andtheir wonderful structure hath given rise to many disputes amongbotanists. 3. A. seguinum, dumb-cane-arum, grows naturally in thesugar islands, ami other warm parts of America , chiefly m thelow grounds ; the plants abound in acrid juice, so that if a leaf ora part of the stalk be broken, and applied to the tip of the tongue, itcauses a very painful sensation, and such an irritation as to preventa person from speaking, lienee its name in Jamaica , where it is saidthey sometimes rub the mouths of their negroes with it by way ofpunishment. The stalk is used to bring sugar to a goo’d grain,when the juice is too viscid, and cannot be brought to granulatewith lime.
ARENA, a genus of the diandria digvnia class and or-der. Calyx four-parted, the divisions reflected; berry one-celled, one or two-seeded. There is but one species, a tree withwide-spreading branches found in Guiana .
AREN, a river in Sussex.
ARENI)A, a town of Ilispania Iiariica, now said to be Romla,in Granada .
.ARENDEL, a borough and market-town in Sussex, seated onthe N. W. side of the Arun, 33 miles S. W. by S. of London .Arundel is the premier earldom in England, belonging to theillustrious family of Norfolk ; and is the only title in England thatgoes along with the lands. Lon. 0. 23. \4 . Lat. 30. 43. N.
Arundel, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns ofRichard II. Ileni v IV. and Henry V. In 1373, at 22 years ofam - , from being archdeacon of Taunton he was raised" to thebTsbopric of Ely. He was a great benefactor to the church andpalace of this see ; among other donations he gave a curious tableof massv gold, adorned with precious stones. In 13SS, he wastranslated to (he archiepKcopal see of Y ork ; and, in 13yfi, to tiiatof Canterbury , when he resigned the chancellorship. This wasthe first instance of the translation of an archbishop of York totin: see of Canterbury. Richard II . banished him for some at-tempts to establish a re’genpy, on which he went to Rome . WhenHenry IV . ascended the throne, Arundel returned to England.In 1408, Arundel began to exert himself against the Lollards, orWickliflites; and his zeal for suppressing that sect carried him toseveral unjustifiable severities against the heads of it, particularlyagainst Sir John Oidcastle and Lord Cobham. Healso procuredally nodical constitution, which forbade the translation of the Scrip-lures into the vulgar tongue. He died at Canterbury , in 1413.of an inflammaflon in his ihroat, with which he was seized while hewas pronouncing sentence upon Lord Cobham. The Lollardsasserted this to be a judgement from God : and indeed BishopGoodwin speaks in the saiiie manner, saying, “ lie who had with-held from the people the word of God , the food of the soul, bythe just judgement of God had his throat so dosed, that he couldnot speak a single word, nor swallow meat or drink, and was sostarved to death.”
Chronicle, are ancient stones (as has been supposed,) whereonis inscribed a chronicle of the city of Athens, engraven in capitalletters in the island of Paros, one of the Cyclades , 264 years beforeJesus Christ . They take their first name from Thomas Earl ofArundel, who procured them out of the East, or from Henry his grandson, who presented them to the University of Oxford .The Anmdelian Marbles, in their perfect stale, contained achronological detail of the principal events of Greece during aperiod of 1318 years, beginning with C.'ecrops, 15. C. 13’§2, andending with the archonship of Diognetus , 15. C. 264. lint thechronicle of the last ninety years is lost, (he inscription is atpresent so much corroded and educed, that, the seme can be discovered only by very learned and industrious antiquaries; or, moreproperly speaking, supplied by tlieir conjectures. This chroni-cle, and many other relicts of antiquity, real or pretended, werepurchased in Asia Minor, in Greece, or in the islands of the Archi-pelago, hv Mr. William Petty , who in the year 1624 was sent byThomas Earl of Arundel for the purpose of making such collec-tions for him in the East. They were brought into England aboutthe beginning of the year 1627, and placed in the gardens be-longing to Arundel house in London . Soon after tlieir arrivalthey excited a general curiosity, and were viewed by manyinquisitive and learned men ; among others by Sir Robert Cotton ,who prevailed upon Selden to employ his abilities in explainingthe Greek inscriptions. The following year Selden published asmall volume in quart ', including about thirty-nine inscriptionscopied from the marbles. In the turbulent reign of Charles I. andthe subsequent usurpation, some of the marbles were defaced andbroken, and others either stolen or used for the ordinary purposesof architecture. The chronological marble, in particular, wasunfortunately broken and defaced. In 1667, the Hon. HenryHoward, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, the grandson of the firstcollector, presented these supposed remains of antiquity to theuniversity of Oxford . Selden’s work becoming very scarce,Bishop Kell engaged Mr. Prkleaux to publish a new edition ofthe inscriptions, which was printed at Oxford In 1676. In 1732Mr. Maittnire obliged the public with a more compn hensive viewof the marbles than either of his predecessors. Lastly, Dr.Chandler published a new and improved copy of the marbles in1763, in which he corrected the mistakes of the former editors ;and in some of the inscriptions, particularly that of the Parianchronicle, supplied the lucuna: by many ingenious conjectures,'l'he Arundelian marbles have generally been regarded as a curi-ous monument of antiquity. '1 Key were, however, discovered insome instances to be inconsistent with the most authentic histori-cal accounts ; Sir [»aac Newton and several other modern philo-sophers paid little or no regard to them, and of laic their authen-ticity has been severely questioned by Mr. Robertson in a dis-sertation, entitled The Parian Chronicle. In this dissertationmuch ingenuity as well as judgement and a great extent of ancientlearning are displayed. I lis doubts, the author observes, arisefrom the following considerations: I. “ The characters have nocertain or unequivocal marks of antiquity.” II. “It is not probablethat the chronicle was engraved for private use.” ! 11. “The chro-nicle docs not appear to have been engraved by public authority.”14'. “ The Gieek and Roman writers, for a long time after "thedate of this work, complain that they had no chronological accountof the aflairs of ancient Greece .’’ V. “The chronicle is notonce mentioned by any writer of antiquity.” VI. “ Some of thefads mentioned in the chronicle seem to have been taken fromwriters of a later date.” NIL “ Parachronisms appear in some ofthe epochas, which we can scarcely suppose a Greek chronologerin the I'.’yih Olimpiad would be liable to commit.” A'III.“ The history of ihe discovery of the Parian chronicle is obscureand unsatisfactory.” 1X. “ The literary world lias been frequentlyimposed upon by spurious books and Siscriptions; and thereforewe should be extremely cautious with regard to what we receiveunder the venerable name of antiquity.” These several articleshave been replied to by' Mr. Hewlett, in his Vindication of theParian Chronicle , but the objections are of a nature very difficult tobe removed. The Marbles are now fixed in the school in Oxford.
AREN DO, the Reed, a genus of the digvnia order, and triau-dria class of plants : and in the natural ordeiy’Gramina. Calyx isa glume (wo-valvcd, acuminated,-not unstated, one longer than (heother; corolla two-valved, oblong, acuminated, with a lanuginousmatter at the base ; seed single, oblong, pointed, and downy at the
base*