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ARTISCUB, [from apy®', bread,] in medicine, denotes atroche, but more particularly that prepared of viper’s flesh, mixedup with bread, to be used in the composition of Venice treacle.

ARTIST, a person possessing an habitual power of becomingthe cause of some eliect, according to a system of various andwell-approved precepts. See Art. We are told of a privilegegranted at Vicenza to artists, like ihe benefit of clergy in England;in virtue whereof, criminals adjudged to death save their lives ifthey can prove themselves the most consummate workmen in anyuseful art. This benefit is allowed them in favorem artis, for thefirst offence, except in some particular crimes, of which coining isone; for here the greater the artist, the more dangerous theperson.

Artist, in an academical sense, denotes a philosopher, or pro-ficient in the faculty of arts. In the early ages of universities, theseven liberal arts completed the whole course of study, or philo-sophy, as it was-called: whence the masters of this faculty weredenominated Artists. These were, languages, rhetoric, logic, arith-metic, music, geometry, and astronomy; all which they compre-hended in the following Latin verse :

“ Lingua, Tropus, Ratio, Numerus , Tonus, Angulus, Astra.”

Artist, Artista, is more peculiarly used by Paracelsus andother adepts, for a chemist or alchemist.

ARTIZOOS, [from i, short, and life,] is used bysome ancient physicians lor an infant short-lived, by reason of adifficult birth, whereby he was long detained in the passage fromthe womh.

AltTOBRICO, an ancient town of Vindelicia ; now Alzburg,in Bavaria, on tin- Danube .

ARTOCARPUS, [from bread, and fruit,] the

Bread-Fruit- Tree : a genus of the monandria order, and monoeciaclass of plants. Male, no calyx; amentum covered with florets; co-rolla twu-petaled, oblong, concave, blunt, villose; stamina, fila-ment single, liliform, the length of the corolla ; anther oblong.—Female, "flowers on the same tree : calyx and corolla none'; germsnumerous, connected into a globe; style hexangular, liliform;stigma single, or two, capillary, revolute; fruit ovate, globular,compound, muricate; seed lor each germ solitary, oblong, co-vered with a pulpy arillus. It has two species, 1. A. incisa, whichis the thickness of a man, and upwards of 40 feet high ; the trunkis upright; the wood soft, smooth, and yellowish ; the inner barkwhite, composed of a net of Aiffish fibres, the outer bark smooth,but full ot chinks, pale ash-colour, with small tubercles thinlyscattered over it. W herever the tree is wounded, it pours out aglutinous milky liquor. 2. A. integri-folia, Indian jacca tree.—These two species of Artocarpus cannot be distinguished easilyeither bv the form of the leaves, or the situation of the fruit. Noless than" 30 varieties of the fruit are enumerated in Malabar. Itwas introduced into the royal botanic garden at Kew, in 177K, bySir Edward Hughes, Knight of the Bath. Riimphius, after de-scribing the tree, observes, that the fruit is shaped like a heart,and increases to the size of a child’s head, its surface or rind isthick, green, and covered every where with warts of a quadrago-nal or hexagonal figure, like cut diamonds, but without points.—The more fiat and smooth these warts are, the fewer seeds are con-tained in the fruit. The internal part of the rind, or peel, con-sists of a fleshy substance, full of twisted fibres; which have the ap-pearance of fine wool. The fleshy part of this fruit becomes softertowards the middle, wlure there is a small cavity formed withoutany nuts or seeds, except in one sort which has but a small num-ber, and this sort is not good unless it is baked, or prepared someother way: but if the outward rind be taken oil', and the librousflesh dried and afterwards boiled with meat as we do cabbage, ithas then the taste of artichoke bottoms. The inhabitants of Ain-boyna dress it in the liquor of cocoa-nuts; but they prefer it roastedon coals till the outw ard part or peel is burnt. 1 hey afterwardscut it into pieces, and eat it with the milk of the cocoa-nut. Somepeople make fritters of it, or fry it in oil ; and others, as the Su-malrians dry tile internal soft part, and keep it to use instead ofbread with other food. It affords a great deal of nourishment,and is very satisfying, therefore proper lor hard-working people;and being of a gentle astringent quality, is good tor persons of alaxative habit of body. It is more nourishing boiled in our man-ner wiih fai meat than ronsled on coals. The milky juice whichdistils from (he trunk, boiled with the cocoa-nut oil, makes a verystrong bird-lime. This tree is to be found on the eastern parts of

Sumatra, and in the Malay language is called soccus and soccumcapas. It grows likewise about the town of Bantam in Java, ar.din Balegaand Madura. In Anson’s voyageweare informed, that therima or bread-fruit tree, is common fn all the Linirone islands andsome of the Philippines . The fruit hangs on boughs like apples';and the natives gather it before it is quite ripe, and bake it till thecrust is pretty black ; then they rasp it, and there remains a prettyloaf, with a tender yellow crust, and the crumb of it is soft anilsweet as a new baked roll. This fruit the inhabitants enjoy forabout seven months; during which they never eat any other kindof bread : but they are obliged to bake it every day ; lor when itgrows a little stale, it becomes harsh aud husky, somewhat likethe potatoe-bread made in the west of England. ‘ There is, how-ever, a remedy for this; which is cutting the loaf into slices whenit is new, and drying it in the sun, by which it is changed into thepleasantest rusk that can be eaten. Captain Cook , in his voyage,observes, that this fruit not only serves as a substitute for breadamong the natives of Otaheite and the neighbouring islands, butalso, variously dressed, composes the principal part of their food.U grows on a tree that is about the size of a middling oak ; itsleaves are frequently a foot and a half long, of an oblong shape,,deeply situated like those of the fig-tree, which they resemble incolour and consistence, and in the exuding of a milky juiee uponbeing broken. The fruit is about the size aud shape ol a new-hornchihi’s head; and the surface is reticulated, (see Plate IX.) notmuch unlike a truffle ; it is covered with a thin skin, and has acore about it as big as the handle of a small knife. The eatablepart lies between the skin and the core ; it is as white as snow, andsomewhat of the consistence of new bread; it must he roasted be-fore it is eaten, being first divided into three or four parts; itstaste is insipid, with a slight sweetness somewhat resemblingthat ofthe crumb ot wheattm bread mixed with a Jerusalem artichoke.—r I he nuts are eaten roasted, and the skin which immediately co-vers them, isused instead of the areca nut in chewing betel. "Thewood of the tree serves for building.

ARTOIS, a late province of France , extremely fertile, andformerly one of the 17 provinces of the Netherlands. The namewas derived from the At rebates, the ancient inhabitants. It is nowincluded in the department of the Straits of Calais.

_ A RTOL1CA, a town of the Salassii, in Gallia Cispadana , nowTuile, a hamlet at the foot of mount St. Bernard the Less.

ARTOMEI.l, [from bread, and jusXi, honey,] in ancient

pharmacy, a kind of cataplasm, prepared of bread and honey,applied chiefly to the pnecordia.

ARTOTY RISTS, A ICO 1 YRITvE, or ARTOTYRITES,[from agTO;, and r^o;, cheese,] a_branch of the ancient Montanists ,who first appeared in the 2d century in Galatia . They usedbread and ciieese in the Eucharist , or perhaps bread baked withcheese. Their reason was, that the first men ottered to God notonly the fruits of the earth, but of their flocks too.

ARUA, a town of Batica, now Alclea, a citadel of Andalusia ,seven leagues above Seville .

ARVAD, or ARADUS, an ancient city of Phoenicia , built on asmall island, S. of Tyre, now called Riiwadde, and belongs tothe Turks.

ARVAD IT ES, the ancient inhabitants of Arvad. They werethe descendants of Canaan , and peopled it soon after the flood.

All VALES Fratres, in Roman antiquity, a college of 12priests, instituted by Romulus, and chosen out of the most noble fa-milies, himself being one of the body : they assisted in the sacrificesof the ambervalia annually offered to Ceres and Bacchus, for theprosperity of the fruits of the earth; when they wore on theirheads crowns made of ears of corn.

ARUBA, a small island on the coast of Terra Firma, subject tothe Dutch . Long. (>7. 35. W. Lat. 12. 30. N.

ARVEllNI, a brave and ancient people ; and one of (he mostpowerful nations of Gaul , claimed affinity with the Romans, asdescendants from Antenor ; and after their conquest hv the Ro-mans, their ancient liberty was preserved to them on account oftheir bravery.

Arverni, the capital of the Arverni, formerly called Nemor-sus, and Clams Mons, now Clermont.

ARVIL, or ARVAL, a funeral.

Arvil Bread, loaves distributed to the poor at funerals.

Arvil Supper, a feast or entertainment made at funerals, inthe north part of England.

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