A U G

AV I

3.52

lions taken from the chattering, singing, feeding, and iiight, ofbirds.

AUGUST, AUGUSTUS, a title first given by the Romansenate to Octavius, after iris being confirmed in the sovereignpower, it was conceived as expressing'so mething divine, orelevated above the common pitch of mank’ud, being derivedfrom the verb augeo, to encrease, tanquam supra humanumsorteiu auctus! The successors of Octavius assumed the same title ;so that thenceforward emperor and Augustus became synonymousterms.

August, the name of the eighth month from January inclusive.August was dedicated to the honour of Augustus Ciesar, because,in the same month, he was created consul, thrice triumpher inRome, subdued Egypt to the Roman empire, and made an endof civil wars ; being before cal'ed Sextilis, or the sixth from March.

August was by our Saxon ancestors (who, like the modernFrench , gave their months significant names,) called, weod-inonath, i. e. Weed-Month, on account of the great plenty ofweeds at that season.

AUGUSTA, a considerable and flourishing town of Georgia ,about 250 miles from the mouth of Savannah river . Lon. 82. 0.W. Lat. 33. 20. N.

Augusta , in antiquity, a title given to the Roman empresses,gild frequently to the mothers and daughters of the emperors, whoiiad been empresses.

Augusta , in ancient geography, the name of various ancientcities, mostly named after Augustus or his successors.

Augusta Bracarum, a city of Portugal, now called Braga .

Augusta Drusi, a town in Suabia , now called Memmingcn.

Augusta Emerita, a town of Lusitania on the Anas, calledMerida, in Spanish Eslremadura.

Augusta Taurinoru.m, now Turin .

AugustaTibeiui, now Ratisbon .

AugustaTreba, nowTrevi, in Umbria .

Augusta Trevirorum, now Triers , or Treves.

Augusta Trinobantum, the name given by the Romans toLondon .

Augusta Vixdeucorum, now Augsburg, in Suabia .

AUGUSTALES Examines, in Roman antiquity, an epithetgiven to the priests appointed to sacrifice to Augustus after hisdeification.

Augustai.es Luni, games celebrated in honour of Augustuson the iv. of the kies of October.

AUGUST ALIA, a festival instituted by the Romans in honourof Augustus, on Lis return to Rome , after having settled peace inSicily, Greece, Syria, Asia , and Parthia.

AUGUSTIN, or AUSTIN, St. the fmst Archbishop 'of Can-terbury, was a Roman monk, and sent by Gregory 1 . with 40others, to convert the inhabitants of this island, about 590. Onlanding in Thanet, they informed king Ethelbert of their business.The monarch himself embraced Christianity , but never attemptedto bring over his subjects by force. Augustin was consecrated atArles archbishop and metropolitan of the church. lie fixed hisseat at Canterbury , and endeavoured to form a correspondencewith the Welsh bishops, for Christianity had long before beensettled in Wales . A conference was accordingly held betweenAugustin and some iiionks from the monastery of Bangor. Thesefathers, it is said, before their departure from Wales , applied toan old hermit for advice how to act, who told them, that if Au-gustin was a man of God , they should submit to be directed bvhim ; and, on their asking how they were to know this, he saief,“ if on your arrival in lus presence he rises to salute you, he isGod ’s messenger ; but if not, lie is haughty and proud, you oughtto have no more to do with him.” When they came to the assem-bly, Augustin received them sitting, in consequence of which theVi cl-hmen opposed all measures of accommodation. The pointsin which tln-v were required to yield were, the celebration ofEaster , the mode of administering baptism, and the acknowledge-ment of the pope’s authority. Augustin died at Canterbury in1004, and was afterwards canonized.

ACOUSTIN E, a cape of South America, in Brazil ; 300miles N. E. of All-Saints Bay . I-on. 35. 4. W. Lat. 8. 30. S.

Augustine, St. a father of the church, was born at Tagasir,in Africa , in 354. His fadier was a plebeian, and his motherMonica was a woman of exemplary piety. Though he had allthe advantages of a good education he squandered away his time

in debauchery. In 371 his father sent him to Carthage , where heled a dissipated life, and became a convert to the manichees. In380 he taught rhetoric at Carthage with great reputation, but stillcontinued his licentious course of life, and kept a woman publicly,by whom lie had a son named Adeodatus . IIis mother took un-common pains to bring him back to virtue, but finding all herendeavours ineffectual, she had recourse only to prayer on hisbehalf. Wearied with his situation in Africa , Augustine removedto Rome , where he taught rhetoric with great applause, and in383 was appointed professor of rhetoric at Milan. Here the ser-mons of St. Ambrose effected a conversion. lie renounced hisheretical notion?, and was baptised in 387. The next year he re-turned to Africa , and was ordained priest. He was at first thecoadjutor of Valerius, bishop of Hippo, and afterwards his suc-cessor. He died in 430. 11 is writings have always been held in

veneration by the Catholic church , and from them was formedthat sy-lcm commonly called scholastic divinity. The best edi-tion of his works is that of Paris , in 10 vols. folio, 1679 and 1690.

Augustine, St, a fort of North America , on the east coastof C. p Florida .

At GUSTINTANS, divines who maintain, on the authority ofSt. Augustine , that grace is effectual from its nature, absolutelyand morally, and not relatively and gradually. They are dividedinto rigid and relaxed,

so called from St. Augustine , w hose rule they observe. The Au-

Augustinians, or Augustins, an order of religious;gutins, or Austin friars, were originally hermits, whom pope Alex-ander IV . first congregated into one body, under their generalLanfranc , in 1256. Soon after, this order was brought into Eng-land, where thev had about 32 houses at the time of their sup-pression. The Augustins are clothed in black, and make one ofthe four orders of mendicants. From these arose others, under thedenomination of bare-foot Augustins, Minorites , or Friers minor.'At Paris they were known under the denomination of religious ofGenevieve : that abbey being the chief of the order. There arealso nuns and cononesses, who observe the rules of St. Augustine .

AUGUSTOW, a town of Poland , in Polakia, 30 miles W. ofGrodno .

AUGUSTULUS, the last emperor of Koine , succeeded JuliusNepos, A. D. 475 ; but was obliged to abdicate the throne theyear following, by Odoacer, king of the llcruli, who assumed thetitle of king of Italy , and thus put an end to the western empire,A. D. 476.

AUGUSTUS, an appellation conferred upon Ca'sar Octavianus.The obscure name of Octavianus , Gibbon observes, lie derivedfrom a mean family in Africa . The illustrious surname of Ciesarhe had assumed, as the adopted son of the dictator. It was pro-posed in the senate, to dignify their minister with a new appella-tion : and after a very serious discussion, that of Augustus waschosen among several others, as being the most expressive of thecharacter of peace and sanctity, which he uniformly affected.Augustus was therefore a personal, Ciesar a family, distinction.Augustus carried his arms with success into Gaul, Germany , andthe'East ; but in the latter part of his life the Romans sufferedsome severe losses in Germany , lie died at Rome A. I). 14. lieso greatlv improved Rome , that it was said “ he had found it brick,but left it marble.” He was a liberal encourager of men oflet-ters, and his reign was called the Augustan age of literature.

Augustus, Fort, a small fortress of Scotland in Inverness-shire nearl.ochness.

AU-CUY-L’AN-NEUF, or AUGUILLANNEUF. SeeMisi.kto.

AY I (JEN A, AYICF.NF.S, or AVICENNA the prince ofArabian philosophers and physicians, was born at Assetia, a villagenear Bokhara, 11 is father was a Persian . The first years ofAvicenna were devoted to the studv of the Koran and the BellesLeltres. His progress was so rapid, that when he was but tenrears old, he was perfcetly acquainted with the most hidden sensesof the Koran. Abu-Abdoullah at that time professed philosophyat Bokhara with great reputation. Avicenna studied logic underhim, but disgusted with the slow maimer of the schools', he setabout studying alone, and read all the authors that had written onphilosophy, without any other help than that of their commen-tators, After reading tile fir.-t six [imposition of Euclid, he pro-ceeded alone, having made himself perfect master of the whole,and treasured up all equally in his memory. Endued with ana * extreme