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are seated, because anciently there was a bar to separate thepleaders from the attornies and others. lienee onr lawyers, whoare called to the bar, or licensed to plead, are termed barristers,an appellation equivalent to licentiate in other countries.
Bak, in farriery, a horse with sensible bars lias a line light mouth,with an even and firm appui.
Bar, in geography, [Gael, a hill or brae,] the name of severalplaces in different parts of Europe .
Bar, a city of Poland , in Podolia, 40 miles N. W. of Brack-law. Long. 27. 30. E. Eat. 49. 14. N.
Bar, a narrow pass of Italy , between Piedmont and the valleyof Aouste.
Bar An-der Aube, an ancient town of France , in the depart-ment of Aube, 26 miles E. of Troves. Long. 4. 22. E. Lat.47. 50 X.
Bar-le-Duc, a town of France in the department of Meuse ,35 miles W. of Nancy. Long. 5. 30. E. Lat. 48. 44. N.
Bar-le-Mont, a town ol France , in the department of theNorth ; 15 miles S. of Mons. Long. 3. 40. E. Lat. 50. 10. N.
Bar, in heraldry, an ordinary in form of the fesse, but muchless. It differs from the fesse only in its narrowness, and in this,that the bar may be placed in any part of the field, whereas thefesse is confined to a single place.
Bar, in hydrography, a rock or bank of sand, at the entrance of aharbour or river, which ships cannot sail over at low water. Thebar of Siam is a remarkable bank of mud, in the mouth ofthe river, which allows not above 13 feet of water, w hen the tideis highest.
Bar, in marine fortification, a strong beam wherewith the en-trance of a harbour is secured ; more commonly called boom.
Bar, in metallurgy. Bars of iron are made of the metal of thesows and pigs as they come from the furnace. These pass throughtwo forges called the P inery and the Chausery ; where, undergo-ing five several heats they are formed into bars.
Bar, in music, a stroke drawn perpendicularly across the linesof a piece of music, including betw een each two a certain quantityor measure of time, which is various as the time of ti.e music iseither triple or cominou. in common tune, between each twobars is included the measure of four crotchets; in triple, three.—The principal use of bars is to regulate the beating of time in aconcert.
BA11A, a festival celebrated with much magnificence at Mes-sina, and representing the assumption of the Virgin. The Bara,though used as the general denomination of this festival, signifiesmore particularly a vast machine 50 feet high, at the toy) of whicha voting girl of 14, representing IheVirgin, stands upon the hand ofan image of Jesus Christ . Round him turn vertically, in a circle,12 little children which represent the seraphims: below them inanother circle, which turns horizontally, are 12 more representingthe cherubims: below these a sun turns vertically, with a child atthe extremity'of each of the four principal radii of his circle, whoascend and clescend with his rotation, yet still stand upright. Be-low the sun is the low est circle, about seven feet from the ground,in which 12 boys turn horizontally without interruption : these areintended for the 12 apostles, wlto are supposed to surround thetomb of the Virgin, at the moment when she ascends into heaven.
Bara, or Bauuay, one of the western islands of Scotland .
BA11AB1NZIANS, a tribe of Tartars , who live on both sidesthe river Iris.
BARACKS. See Barracks.
BARACOA, a sea-port of Cuba , 50 miles N. E. of St.Jago.
BARALIPTON, among logicians, a term denoting the first in-direct mode of the first figure of syllogism. A syllogism in bara-linton, is when the tw'o first propositions are general, and the thirdparticular, the middle term being the subject in the first proposi-tion, and the predicate in the second. 'The following is of thiskind:
B. a. Every evil ought to be feared ;
R. a. Every violent passion is an evil ;
Lip. Therefore something that ought to be feared isa violent passion.
RARALLOTS, in church history, a sect of heretics at Bologna in Italy , who had all things in common, even their wives andchildren !
BA!\ANCO DE MF.LAMBO, a town of Terra Firma in
America , 75 miles N. ofjCanhagena. Long. 75. 30. \V. Lat. 11.40. N.
BARANGI, officers among the Greeks of the lower empire,who kept the keys of the citv-gates where the emperor resided.—'I'heir commander wa- called «iimporting a person whoalways followed the emporcr.
BARANYVAIIR, a county ot Hungary ; also a town of LowerHungary, 15 miles N. \\ . of Efieck. Long. 20.5. E. Lat. 46.20. N. 1
BA RA-PICK LET, bread made of fine tlour kneaded with barm,which makes it very light and spongy : Bara being the Welch forbread.
BARATHRUM, [/Vy.Lop,] in antiquity, a deep dark pitat Athens, into which condemned persons were cast headlong. Ithad sharp spikes at the to]), that no man might escape out; andothers at the bottom, to pierce and torment such as were cast in.
CARRAT1ERE, Philip, a most extraordinary instance ofearly and rapid exertion of mental faculties, he was born at Schwo-bach, near Nureinburg, in 1721. At five years old he understoodGreek, Latin, German, and French. He next studied Hebrew ,and at nine years of age was able to translate any part of the scrip-ture into Latin . In 1731, he was entered in the university ofAltdorf, and the same year wrote a better to M. le Maitre, on anew edition of the Bible, Hebrew , Chaldaic, and Rabbinical,which is inserted in the Bibliotheque Germanique. 'The yearfollowing he published theTravels-of Benjamin of Tudela , translatedfrom the Hebrew into French . In 1734, the margrave of An-spach gave him a pension of 50 ilorins a year, and the use of hislibrary. The year following he submitted apian, tor finding thelongitude, to tin: Royal Society , which, however, proved to be anold exploded scheme. He was the same year admitted a memberof the academy at Beilin, and created M. A. by the university ofHalle, l lie final work he engaged in, and for w hich he hail col-lected many materials, was Inquiries concerning the Egyptian An-tiquities. But the substance of this blazing meteor was now nearlyexhausted: he was always weak and sickly: and died October 5,1740, aged 19 years, 8 months, and 16 days, lie published 11 dif-ferent pieces, and left 26 MSS. on various subjects.
BARRATOR, or BARRETO 11, in law, [from the French barratenr, a deceiver,] a common mover and maintainer of suitsin disturbance of the peace, and in taking and detaining the pos-session of houses and lauds or goods by talse inventions, &c. Acommon barretor is the most dangerous oppressor in the law, for heoppressed the innocent by colour of law, which was made to pro-tect them from oppression.
BARATRY, or BARRATRY, in a shipmaster is his cheatingthe owners.
Barratry, or B arrf.try, [from buruterie , Fr. fraud,] in law,is the offence of frequently stirring up suits and quarrels betweenhis Majesty’s subjects, cither at law or otherwise. 'The punish-ment for this offence, in a common person, is by fine and imprison-ment ; but if the offender, (as is too frequently tire case) belongsto the profession of the law, a barator w ho is thus able, as well aswilling, to do mischief ought always to be disabled from practisingfor the future. And it is enacted b v statute 12 Geo. 1. c. 29, thatif any one who hath been convicted of forgery, perjury, subordi-nation of perjury, or common barretry, shall practise as an altor-nev, solicitor, or agent, in any suit; the court, upon complaint,shall examine it in a summary way; and, if proved, shall directthe offender to be transported for seven years.
Baratry is also used for brbery and corruption in a judge,giving a false sentence for money.
Baratry is also used, in middle-age writers, for fraud or deceitin making of contracts, sates, or the like.
BARA'!’/, [ Turkish,] letters patent granted by the 'Turkish emperors to the Greek patriarch, bishops, &c. for the exercise oftheir ecclesiastical functions.
BARBA, m botany, a species of pubes, or down, with whichthe surface of some plants is covered,
BARBACAN, or BARBlUAN, an outer defence, or fortifica-tion to a city or castle, used especially as a ience to the city, orwalls; as also an aperture made in the wails ot a fortress, to lirethrough upon the enemy ; also a tort at the entrance of a bridge,or the outlet of a city, having a double wall with towers.
Barbacan, in architecture, a canal, or opening left in the wall,for water to come in and go out, wiien buildings are erected in
places