B A R 379 BAR

places liable to be overflowed, or to drain oil' the water from aterras, or tire like.

BaRBACENIA, in botany, order monogynia, class hexandria.Cahx, six-toothed, superior; corolla six-petaled; capsule glan-dular, three-valved ; seeds many. One species, a native of Brazil .

BARBADOES, the nm.-t easterly of ail the Caribbee islands,subject to Great Britain , King between 59° 50' and 60 ° 2' Lon.W. and between 1 j(i' and 13° lb' I.at. N. It contains about107300 acre-. Bridge-Town is the capital. The climate is hot,but not unwholesome, the heat being tpialilied by sea-breezes;and a temperate regimen renders the Eland as safe to live in as anyclimate south of Great Britain ; and, according to the opinion otmany, as even Great Britain itself.

Barbadoes Tar is a mineral fluid of the nature of the thickerfluid bitumens, of a nauseous bitterish taste, very strong and dis-agrecble smell, found in many parts ot America trickling dcwn thesides of the mountains, and sometimes floating on the surface ofthe waters.

BARBARA, in logic, the first mode of the first figure of syllo-gisms. A syllogism in harbara, is that whereof all the propositionsju are universal and affirmative; the middle term being the subjectOf the first proposition, and attribute or predicate in the second. Ex.

BAR Whoever suffers a man to starve, whom he is able tosustain, is a murderer:

BA Whoever is rich, and refuses to give alms, suffers thoseto starve, whom he is able to sustain:

BA Therefore, whoever is rich, and refuses to give alms, isa murderer.

BARBARIAN, a name given by the ancient Greeks to all Ithose who were not of their own country, or who did not speakthe Greek language; and by the Romans to all except the Greeks,who were not Romans, or initiated in their language, manners, andcustoms. Strabo derives the word /htf&tfoe from fMsSagt&v, baiba-tire, to stammer, because foreigners, coming to Athens used tostammer, or speak inaccurately.

BARBAR.lCAR.il, in antiquity, 1. artists, who, with threads ofdivers colours, expressed the figures of men, animals, &rc. or,whose business was to gild, and decorate shields and helmets withgold and silver.

BARBARISM, in a general sense, a rudeness of language orbehaviour.

Barbarism, in grammar, an offence against the purity of styleor language ; or an ungrammatical way of speaking or writing, orcontrary to the true idiom of any particular language.

Barbarism, or Barb aries, that rudeness of mind, wherein theunderstanding is neither furnished with useful principles, nor thewill with good inclinations.

BARBAROSSA, Aruch, and his brother Hayradin, were fa-mous pirates, the sons of a porter in the isle of Lesbos ; they calledthemselves the friends of the sea, and the enemies of all who sailedupon it; and their names became terrible from the straits of Dar-danelles to those of Gibraltar , Being applied to by the king ofAlgiers for assistaiice against toe Spaniards, Aruch secretly mur-dered the prince he came to aid, caused himself to he proclaimedking in his stead, lie next defeated tiie king of'Funis, and hav-ing taken the capital, caused himself to be proclaimed king; afterwhich he marched to Tremecen , the inhabitants of which put todeath their own monarch. The heir to the kingdom of Tremecen applied to the marquis of Gomarez, governor of Oran, who be-sieged Barbnrossa in the citadel, and reduced him to the greatestdistress. He escaped from thence by a subterraneous passage,but was overtaken with a small number of Turks, the whole ofwhom died sword in hand, in 1318.

Barbarossa, IJeyraimm, succeeded his brother in the kingdomof Algiers , and became commander of the naval forces of Selim 11.emperor of the Turks, lie made himself master of 'Funis, hutwas driven from it by Charles V. in 1536. After this, ke ravagedseveral parts of Italy, and reduced Yemen in Arabia Felix to theTurkish government. He cited in 15-17, aged SO.

BARBARY, a kingdom of /ffrica, including the states of Al-giers, Morocco, Tripoli , and 'Funis. This country contains al-most the whole of what the Romans possessed of the continent ofAfrica, excepting Egypt . The utmost length from E. to \V. iscomputed at above 759 German leagues. Among the Romansthis country was divided into the provinces of Mauritania , AfricaPropria, &c. and they continued absolute masters of it from the

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time of Julius the ar liil A. D. 428. This whole maritime tractfrom the Egyptian coniines to the Straits of Gibraltar has longbeen the nest of the most odious piratical crew that ever existed,it is fertile in corn, wine, maize, citrons, oranges, figs, almonds,dales, melon-., olives, &c. The reigning religion is the Mohamme-dan ; there are some Jews, Lut no Christians , except tiie slaves.'1 he chief trade of the inhabitants consists in tiie sale of their fruits,Morocco leather, ostrich-feathers, indigo, wax, tin, coral, and thehorses called Barbs.

B.ARBATED Lear, in botany, a leaf terminated by a bunch ofstrong hairs.

BAR BE, in the military art. To fire in barbe means to firethe cannon over the parapet, instead of tiring through the i mbra-suies; in w hich case the parapet must not he above 3j- feet high.

Barbe, or Bakde, is an old word, denoting, the armour ofthe horses oft he ancient knights and soldiers, who were accoutredat ail points.

Barbe, St. a town of Biscay in Mexico , near which are richsilver-mines, 500 miles N.W. Eat. 26. 10. N.

Barbed Cross, in heraldry, a cross the extremities whereof arelike the bathed irons used for striking of lisii.

BARBEL, in heraldry, is understood of a cock, when hi>comb and wattles are of a different colour from the rest of thebody; in which case, he is said to he barbed and crested.

Barbel, in ichthyology. See Cyprinus.

BARBEEICOT.E, an ancient sect of Gnostics , whose doctrineswere extremely profane, and ceremonies abominable. They werealso denominated Bareaiuani.

BARBER, one who makes a trade of shaving, or trimming, thebeards of other men, for money. Besides curling the hair, andshaving, the ancient barbers trimmed the nails. Formerly thebusiness of a surgeon was united to tiiat of a barber, and he wasdenominated a barber-surgeon. This union of profesfron was dis-solved by a statute of Henry VIII . by which the surgeons wereformed into a distinct corporation, that existed till the late esta-blishment of “ The Royal College of Surgeons of London.”Some musical instrument was part of a barber’s stqrk in trade;and it was customary for persons above the common rank to resortto his shop, either for surgical operations, or fordiaving, &c. Themusic was for the amusement of the waiting customer,, and an-swered the same purpose as a newspaper in modern tunes. Barberswere uniformly bleeders ; and the pole now used as a sign, w as arepresentation of the stall'which w as pul into tiie hand of a personundergoing the operation of phlebotomy. The white band whichsurrounds it is designed to represent the fillet that binds up the arm.

liARBERINO, a town of Italy, in Tuscany .

BARBIERI, Giovanni Francesco, otherwise called Gueu-cino da Cento, an eminent historical painter, was l orn at Cento,near Bologna, in 1590. He preferred the style of Caravaggio tothat of Guido or Albano, imagining it impossible to imitate natmetruly, without the assistance of strong lights and strong shadows.His principal attention seems to have been fixed on perfection incolouring; he saw the astonishing effects produced by tiie colour-ing of the celebrated Venetian masters; and oh a. rvt.d, that not-withstanding any imperfections in regard to con noli,es i ', or ele-gance, their works were the objects of universal admiration. Onthis account he devoted his whole study to excel in colouring ;being convinced, that few are qualified to discern the elevation ofthought, which constitutes the excellence of a composition ; thatfew are touched with the grandeur or beauty of the design, orhave a capacity to examine the correctness ot a painting; but thatevery imperfect judge may be sensibly affected by the beauty ofthe colouring. His taste of design was natural, easy, and oftengrand, but without any extraordinary share of correctness, or ele-gance. He died in 1660. The most capital performance of Bar-bieri, is the history ofS. Petronilla, w hich is considered as one ofthe ornaments of b. Peter’s at Rome . '

BARBILLONS, in entomology, are certain bodies, usuallytwo in number, placed under the head-of an insect, and moveableat pleasure, somewhat resembling hands or fingers placed on hshort or broken arm. The word is a diminutive of the French barbe, the beard.

BARBITOS, or BAR BIT ON, ati ancient instrument of music,mounted with three strings; others say seven, much used bySappho and A Ictus; whence it is also denominated Lesboum.

BARBEES, BARBL'.S, or BARBS, in farriery the knots or. supitr