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tratus of m-eat cities. Those annually exhibited on the Thames ,at the election of the lord mayor of London , are uncommonlyelegant.

Marges for the use of admirals and captains of ships of war, aresmaller and of a lighter frame, and may be easily hoisted into, orout of the ships, to which they belong.

Marges of Burden are for lading and discharging ships, andremoving their cargoes from place to place in a harbour.

BAUGH-MASTER, BARMElt, or BAR-MASTER, [fromBcirg-meutcr, Germ. i. e. master of mines,] in the royal mines,the steward or judge of the bannote.

MAUGHMOTE, or MAR MOTE, a court which takes cogni-zance of causes and disputes between miners. By the custom oithe mines, no person is to sue any miner for ore debt, or for ore,or for any ground of variance, but only in the court of barmote,on penalty of forfeiting the debt, and paying the charges at law.

BARI,or MARRI, an elegant and rich town of Italy , in Maples,S3 miles N. W. of Otranto . It is the capital of Mari, or Terra diBari, a territory of Italy, in Naples , and one of the three subdivi-sions of the ancientApulia. The Offimto separates it from theCanitanata.

BARILLA , [from Barigla, a place where it is produced inabundance,] an alkaline substance, prepared principally in Spain and Italy from sea-plants, which are there cultivated for the pur-pose. The discovery was made by the Saracens in Spain , whocalled the particular plant from which they extracted it kali,which, with the addition efthe Arabian article at, gave rise to theterm alkali. The barilla is obtained by cutting down the plantwhen it lias attained its full height, and drying it; after which it isburnt, and during the operation the ashes harden into lumps orcakes. This country is supplied with barilla, chiefly from Spain ,the island of Teneriffe, and Sicily . It is used by glass-makers,soap-boilers, bleachers, and in other manufactures. There arefour plants cultivated by the Spaniards for this useful purpose,namely, the barilla, gazul, goza, and salieor. Among the British plants from which barilla or alkali may be obtained, we shallenumerate the following: 1. Two species of the salsola, of salt-wort. 2. Two species of the salicornia, or glass-wort, and sam-phire. 3. The zostera marina, or glass-wrack. 4. Two speciesof the triglochin, or arrow-grass. 5. The chenopodium album,and mariiimuin, or white and sea goose-foot. ft. The atriplexportulaeoides, and littoralis, or sea-purslane, and grass-orach. 7.The plantago maritima, or sea-plantain. 8. The tamarix galliea,or french tamarisk. 9. The eryngimn maritimum, or sea-holly.]0. The Sedum Telephium, or orpine stonecrop, or livelong.11. The dipsacus fullonum, or manured teasel ; and 12. All thespecies of the cynara and cardans, or the artichoke and thistle,when cultivated either on the sea-shore, or in any soil irrigatedwith sea-water. Barilla , as an article of trade, ought to possessthe following properties: it should be lirm, hard, and heavy,though porous ; dry, and sounding on percussion : of a blueishcolour, and impart," on breaking it, a flavour slightly resemblingthat of the violet. By these criteria, it may ire easily distinguishedfrom pot-ass, though it would be difficult to procure a barillaconsisting purely of mineral alkali; as the very best sort ol theformer generally contains a small proportion of common salt.

BA R11.LA M IL’S, an ancient officer in monasteries and greathouseholds, who had the care of the casks and vessels of vrine, &c.

BARING of Trees, in agriculture, the taking away some oftlie earth about the roots, that the winter-rain and snow v -water maypenetrate farther into the roots. This is frequently practised inthe autumn. See Ablaqueation,

BAllJOLS, a small populous town of France , in the depart-ment ofVar, 19 miles from Riez. Lon. 6. 10. E. Lat. 43. 35. N.

BA1UTONO, in music, denotes a voice of low pilch, betweena tenor and a bass.

BARIUM, a town of Apulia on the Adriatic, now called Mari.

BARK, (coffer) in the anatomy of plants, the exterior part oftrees, corresponding to the skin of an animal. For its organiza-tion, &c. see Plants. As animals are furnished with a pannieulusudip’osus, usually replete with fat, which invests and covers all theilediv parts, and' screens them from external cold; plants are en-compassed with a hark replete with fat juices, by means whereofthe cold is kept out, and in winter the sporadic of ice preventedfrom fixing and freezing the juices in the vessels; whence it is, thatsome sorts of trees remain ever-green the year round, their harks

voi.. r.—so. 24.

containing more oil than can he spent and exhale d by the sunSre. The b'ark has its peculiar diseases, and is infected with in-sects peculiar to it. It appears from the experimems of M. Buf-fon, that trees stripped of their hark the whole length of theirstems, die in about three or four years. But it is very remark-able, that trees thus stripped in the time of the sap, and suffered todie, aflord timber heavier, more uniformly dense, strong* r, andfitter for service, than if the trees had been cut down m theirhealthy state. The ancients wrote their books on bark, especiallyof the ash and lime-tree, not on the exterior, but on the inner andfiner bark called philyra. Many kinds of l arks are used in thearts. Some in agriculture, and in tanning leather, as the oak-bark; some in physic, as the Jesuit ’s hark, mace. See. others indyeing, as the hark of alder, and walnut-trees; others in spicerv,as cinnamon, cassia, lignea, fvc. and others for divers e.ses, as thehark of the cork-tree, &c. In the Last Indies, they prepare thehark of a certain tree so as to spin like hemp. Alter it lias beenbeat and steeped in water, they extract long threads from it, whichare something between silk and common threat'; being neither sosoft nor so glossy as silk, nor so rough and lard as hemp. Theymix silk with it in some stuffs; and these are called nine 's anilcherquemolles. The Japanese make paper of the bark of aspeciesof mulberry-tree. In the island of Otaheite , the natives maketheir cloth, which is of three kinds, of the hark of three differenttrees; the paper-mulberry above mentioned, the bread-fruit tree,and the cocoa-tree.

Bark, Jesuits ’, or Bark byway of eminence, quinquina, ofcinchona. See Cinchona .

Bark, Indian, Thurk cortex, a medicinal hark, brought fromthe Last, rolled up like cinnamon ; of a rusty colour, a warm,aromatic, hitter taste, and pleasant smell; sometimes used in fumi-gation against fits of the mother.

Bark, in navigation, a general name given to small ships ; it ishowever peculiarly appropriated by seamen to those which carrythroe masts without a mizen top-sail.

Bark ary, a tan house, or place to keep hark in for tanners.Mark-binding, a distemper incident to trees; cured by slittingthe hark, or cutting along the grain.

Bark-galling, is when the trees are galled with thorns, &c. Itis cured bv binding clay on the galled places.

BARKING, a town of Essex, seated on the river Rothing,near the Thames , in a very unwholesome air. Lon. 0. 13. E.Lat. 57. 30. N.

Barking ofTrf.es, the peeling off the rind or hark. Thismust he done in ourclimate, in the month of May, because at thatlime the sap of the tree separates the hark from the wood.

. BABKl.EY, a town of Gloucestershire . Lon. 2. 30. W. Lat.51. 40. N.

B.\ RKWAY, a town of Hertfordshire, 35 miles from London .Lon. 0. 5. W. J.at. 52. N.

BAllLAAMITES, in church history, the followers of a Cala-brian monk, afterwards bishop of Emont, the greatest opponentof Greg. Palama and the ilesychasla-. They are the same withthe Acindvniles.

BARL.4f.US, G vspr a, professor of philosophy at Amsterdam ,and one of the best Latin poets of the 17th century, lie defendedArminitis; and shewed his abilities as a historian, bv his relationof what passed in Brasil, during the government, of count Mau-rice of Nassau ; published in 11)47. lie died in 1948.

BARLERIA, Snap-Dragon: a genus of the angio-permiaorder, and didvnamia class of plants ; natural order, Pcrsonatae.Calyx quadripartite; two of the stamina are much less than t lie rest";capsule quadrangular, bilocular, bivalved,elastic, and without claws;seeds two. There are thirteen species ; all natives ot warm climates.

BARLETTA, a strong sea-port town of Italy, in Naples , in theTerra di Bari, 30 miles S. E. of Manfredonia . Lon. 17. 2. £. Lat.41. 5. N.

BARLEY, in botany. See IIordkum. The principal use ofbarley in England is for making beer ; in order to which it is firstmalted. See Bkf.r. It is also used for bread and for feedinghorses ; and is a common ingredient in broths.

Barley , French, and Pearl Barley, barley freed of thehusk by a mill ; the distinction between the two beine, that thepearl barley is reduced to the size of small shot, all bift thevery heart of the grain being ground away.

Barley Water is a decoction of either of these, reputed soft5 if and