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and promoting quarrels, but likewise because it corrupts the mo-rals of the people. And therefore persons convicted of keepingbawdv-houses, are punishable by fine and imprisonment; also liableto stand in the pillorv, and to such other punishment as the courtat their discretion shall inflict. Persons resorting to a bawdy-houseare likewise punishable, aud they may be hound to good bi.-ha-▼ionr.
PAWLING, among sportsmen, is spoke of the dogs when theyare too busy before they lind the scent good.
BAXTER , Andrew, a very ingenious metaphysical writer,svas born in 1(587, at Aberdeen, and educated in Kings'-collegethere, lie became tutor to some young gentlemen, with whom hetravelled, and on his return settled at Whittingham, in East Lo-thian, where he died in 1750. Mr. Baxter is known by twogood works; 1. An Inquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul ,wherein its immateriality is evinced from the Principles of Reasonand Philosophy, 3 vols. 8vo. 2. Matho : sive Cosmotheoria pue-rilis, Dialogus, in quo prima Eiementa de Mundi ordine et ornatupropommtur, Sec. This book was translated into English , in 2vols. 8vo.
Raxter, Richard, an eminent divine among the non-conformists,was born at Rowton, in Shropshire , in 1615 ; and distinguishedhimself by his exemplary life, his pacific and moderate principles,and his numerous writings. He was remarkable for piety evenwhen very young. Upon the opening of the long parliament, hewas chosen vicar of Kidderminster . He assisted at the conferencein the Savoy, as one of the commissioners for stating the funda-mentals in religion, and then drew up a reformed liturgy. He wasoffered the bishopric of Hereford, which he refused ; wishing nohigher preferment than Kidderminster ; in which, however, he wasnot permitted to preach above twice or thrice after the restora-tion ! Whereupon he returned to London , and preached occa-sionally about the city, till the act of uniformity took place. In1662, he married Margaret Charleton, daughter to Francis Charle-ton, Esq. of Salop , an excellent justice of the peace. She was a■woman of great piety, and entered fully into her husband’s viewsconcerning religion. In the reign of James II. he was committedprisoner to the king’s bench, and tried before the infamous judgeJefferies, for his Paraphrase on the New Testament ; which wascalled a scandalous and seditious book against the government.—He continued in prison two years; from whence he was at last dis-charged, and had his fine remitted by the king. He died in 1691 ;and was buried in ChristChurch. Mr. Sylvester says, that Mr.Baxter ’s person was tall and slender, and stooped muefi: his coun-tenance composed and grave, inclining to smile. He had a pierc-ing eye, a very articulate speech, and deportment rather plain thancomplimentaf: He had that happy faculty (to answer the characterthat was given of him by a learned man dissenting from him, afterdiscourse with him ;) that he could say what he would, and hecould prove what he said. Rational learning he most valued, andwas a very extraordinary master of. He spake properly, plainly,pertinently, and pathetically. He could speak suitably, both tomen’s capacities and to the things insisted on. lie was a personwonderful at extemporaneous preaching.” But his common prac-tice appears to have been to preach from notes: though he said,“ That he thought it very needful for a minister to have a bodyof divinity in his head.” He was honoured with the friendship ofthe Earl of Lauderdale, the E rl of Balcarras, Lord Chief JusticeH@les, Dr. Tillotson, Sec. and held correspondence with some ofthe most eminent foreign divines.—He wrote above 120 books, andhad above 60 written against him. The former, however, were great-ly preferable to the latter. Dr. Barrow, an excellent judge, says,” that his practical writings were never mended, his controversialseldom confuted.” Mr. Granger’s character of him is too strikingto be omitted.—“ Richard Baxter was a man famous for weaknessof body and strength of mind; for having the strongest sense ofreligion himself, and exciting a sense of it in the thoughtless andprofligate; for preaching more sermons, engaging in more contro-versies, and writing more books than any other non-conformist ofhis age. He spoke, disputed, and wrote with ease; and discoveredthe same intrepidity when he reproved Cromwell, and expostulatedwith Charles II . as when he preached to a congregation of mecha-nics. His zeal for religion was extraordinary ; but it seems neverto have prompted him to faction, or enthusiasm. This champion»(the Presbyterians was the common butt of men of every otherreligion, and of those w!k> were of no religion at all. But this
had very little effect upon him ; his presence and his firmness ofmind on no occasion forsook him: He was just the same man be-fore he went into a prison, while he was in it, and when he cameout of it; and he maintained an uniformity of character to the lastgasp. This a very faint sketch of Mr. Baxter ’s character; menof liis size are not to be drawn in miniature. His portrait, in fullproportion, is in his Narrative of his own Life and Times; whichthough a rhapsody, compoicd in the manner of a diary, contains agreat variety of memorable things, and is itself, as tar as it goes,a History of Non-conformity.” His most famous works were,1. The Saints’ Everlasting Rest. 2. Call to the Unconverted, ofwhich 20,000 were sold in one year; and it was translated not onlyinto all the European languages, but into the Indian tongue. 3.Poor Man’s Family Book. 4. Dying Thoughts; and, 5. Theabove-mentioned Paraphrase. 11 is practical works have beenprinted in 4 vols. folio ; and proposals lor printing a new edition ofthem, have lately been issued by ivlr. Richard Edwards, Crane-court, Fleet-street.
BAXTER IANS, in ecclesiastical historv, those who adopt thedoctrines of the worthy Richard Baxter . I he Baxterians endea-vour, to unite the opinions of Calvin and Arminius . With the for-mer they believe, that a certain number, determined upon in theDivine councils, will he infallibly saved ; and with the latter rejectthe horrible doctrine of reprobation, admitting that Christ in acertain sense died for all, and that such a portion of grace is givento every man to profit withal, that it is his own fault if he attainnot to eternal life. Mr. Baxter also held, that a man may attain toa certainty of perseverance in grace.
BAY, in architecture, a term used to signify the magnitude of abuilding; as if a barn consists of a floor and two heads, wherethey lay corn, they call it a barn of two bays.
Bay, in geography, an arm of the sea shooting up into the land,and terminating in a nook. It is a kind of less gulph biggerthan a creek, and is larger in its middle within than at its entrance.The largest and most noted bays, are those of Biscay, Bengal,Hudson’s, Panama , Sec.
Bay , in hunting, is when the dogs have earthed a vermin, orbrought a deer, boar, or the like, to turn head against them. lathis, case, not only the deer, but the dogs, are said to bay.
Bay, Colour , a sort of red inclining to chcsnut.
Bay-Salt, a kind of brownish impure salt, manufactured iaFrance, Italy , and other countries, by evaporating sea-water inclay-pits; which is effected at a small expense, and with littletrouble. This salt is more or less adapted to all domestic uses,and forms a profitable article of commerce, as it is exported inlarge quantities.
Bay, a colour resembling that of a dried bay-leaf, a sort of redinclining to chcsnut. It is one of the colours in horses, and hasvarious gradations, as chesnut-bay, light-bay, yellow-bay, or dun-bay, bloody-bay, which is also caHed scarlet-bay, and thebrown-bav.
BAYARD, Peter DuTerrailDe, esteemed by his contem-poraries the model of soldiers and men of honour, and denominated“ The knight without fear and without reproach,” was descendedfrom an ancient and noble family at DauphinC lie was born inDauphine, and slain in an action with the imperialists in Italy , in1524. He was at the taking of Brescia , w here he performed anoble act of generosity in returning to the daughter of his hostess2000 pistoles, which the mother had given him to save her housefrom plunder. When mortally wounded, he turned himself to-wards the enemy, saying “ As in life I always faced the enemv,so in death 1 will not turn my back upon them.”
BAYER, John, a German lawyer and astronomer of the latterpart of the 1 tith and beginning of the 17th century. In 1603, hepublished an excellent work, intituled, Uranomelria, being a c eles-tial atlas, or folio charts of all the constellations. He first distin-guished the stars by the letters of the Greek alphabet, and accord-ing to the order of the magnitude of the stars in each constel ■lation. By means of these marks, the stars of the heavens may bedistinguished and referred to with great facility, and as a proof ofthe usefulness of this method, our celestial globes and atlasseshave ever since retained it; and hence it is become of general usethrough all the literary world ; astronomers, in speaking of anystar in the constellation, denoting it by saying it is marked byBayer, «, or /3, or y, Sec. This work was republished, with great
improvements,