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hands to be the duty of every medical practitioner to examine itwithout prejudice or partiality.

BRUtS'SBUTTLE, a sea-port town of Germany , in the duchyof Holstein, 13 miles N. AY. of Gluckstadt .

BRUNSWICK, a city of Germany, in the circle of LowerSaxony , and capital of the duchy of that name. It is seated onthe Ocker, 55 miles W, of Magdeburgh, and 30 S. of Zell. Lon.10. 42. E. Lai. 52. 25. N.

Brunswick, a country of Germany, in the circle of LowerSaxony, bounded on the N. hv the duchy of Lunenburg , on theAV. by' the circle of Westphalia , on the S. by Hesse, and on theE. by Thuringia . It is divided into two countries and four du-chies, viz. 1. Brunswick Calenberg , and 2. Brunswick Gruben-hagen, and belonging to the elector of Hanover, and includingthe duchy of Gottingen ; 3. Brunswick , Proper, and 4. Brunsw ickWolfrnbu'.tle, subject, along with the two counties of Rheinsteinami Rlankenberg, to the 13. of Wolfenbultle.

Brunswick, a city of the United States, in New Jersey , incor-porated in 1784. This city is 00 miles N. E. of l’niiadelphia,and 35 S. \Y. of New York . Lon. 75. 0. \V. Lat. 40. 20. N.

Brunswick, a county of Virginia ; also a maritime comity cf

ihnington district, North Carolina .

Brunswick, New, the N. AY. division of Nova Scotia ,formed in 1784. It is hounded on the AY. by New England , onthe N. bv Canada , on the E. by the gulf of St. Lawrence, and onthe S. by the bay of Lundy. Since tne conclusion of the Ameri-can war, tiie emigration of loyalists to this province, from theUnited States has-been very great.'

BKUNSWICK-Green, a colour used in paper-hangings, andother coarse kinds of painting in water-colours. It is prepared inany close vessel of wood or earthenware, tilled half-full of coppertilings or clippings, on which is poured a saturated solution of sal-aunnoniac, which together will form the muriate of copper, theammonia being at the same time disengaged. In a few weeks al-most the whole of the copper may be converted into oxyde ; thisbeing well washed, and slowly dried in the shade, is pure Bruns-wick -green. Three parts of muriate of ammonia, or sal-ammoniac,and two of copper, yield six parts of green.

BRUSH, in electricity, denotes the luminous appearance of theelectric matter issuing in a parcel of diverging rays from a point.Beccaria ascribes this appearance to the force with whicli theelectric fluid, going out of a point, divides the contiguous air, andpasses through it to that w hich is more remote.

Brush, in heraldry, tawny.

BRUSSELS, a city of France, in the late Austrian Nether-lands , now the capital of the new department of Dele. It is 21miles S. of Antwerp, 26 S. E. of Ghent , and 148 N. by E. ofParis . Lon. 4. 10. E. Lat. 50. 51. N.

BRUTA, m natural history, the second order of animals in theclass mammalia, the character of which consists in having no fore-teeth in either jaw ; feet with strong hoof-like nails-; motion slow ;food mostlv masticated vegetables. There are nine genera of thisorder, enumerated by Gmeiin, viz.

Bradvpus Platypus

Dasvpus Rhinoceros

Elephas Sukotyro

Munis Trichechus

M\ nnecophaga.

Brute, especially applied to quadrupeds, a general name forall animals except mankind. Among brutes, the monkey kindbear the nearest resemblance to man; both in the external shapeand internal structure, but more in the former Ilian in the latter.In (lie monkev kind, the nearest approach to the likeness of manis the Oran Oulang, or Homo Sylvestris. See Simia. Thestructure and economy of brutes make the objects of what iscalled Comparative Anatomy. See Zootomy.

Brutes, Different Opinions concerning. Philosophershave been much puzzled about the essential characteristics ofbrutes, bv which tliev may be distinguished from man. Some de-hue a brute to be an animal not risible, or a living creature in-capable of laughter ; others call them mute animals. The peri-patetics allowed them a sensitive power, but denied them arational one. The Platonists allowed them reason and under-standing, though in a degree less pure and refined than that ofmen. l^ctantnis allows everything to brutes which men have,except a sense of religion; and even this has been ascribed tovot. i.— no. 34.

them by some sceptics. Des Cartes maintained, that brutes aremere inanimate machines, absolutely destitute not only of reasonbut of all thought and perception, and that all their actions areonly consequences of the exquisite mechiinism of their bodies.This ridiculous system, however, is much older than DesCartes ; it was borrowed by him from Gomez Pereira, a Spanish physician , w ho employed 30 y ears in composing a treatise w hichlie intitled Antoniania Margarita, from the Christian names ofhis father and mother. It was published in 1554 : but his opinionhad not the honour of gaining partizans, or even of being re-futed ; so that it died with him. Even Pereira seems not to havebeen the inventor of this’notion ; something like it having beenheld by some of the ancients, as we llnd from Plutarch and StlAugustin. Others, who rejected the Cartesian hypothesis, havemaintained that brutes are endowed with a soul essentially inferiorto that of men ; and to this soul'some have allowed immortality,others not. There is a very ingenious treatise in German, pub-lished by the iate professor Bergman, entitled “ Researches divsigned to shew what the Brute Animals certainly are not, and alsowhat they probably are.” That they are not machines, lie proveswith more detail than seems necessary for refuting a hypothesiswhich would equally tend to make us all machines. But if ani-mals are not mere machines, what are they ? Manifestly sensitivebeings, w ith an immaterial principle; and thinking or reasonablebeings, to a certain degree. In certain classes of animals thisappears evident to Sir 1. Bergman, w ho seems to have observedw'ith great sagacity and attention their various operations, their'ways and means, Ac. He thinks it impossible to deduce thisvariety of action, in any animals, (if we except those of the lowestclasses in the gradation of intelligence,) from a general and uni-form instinct. Lor they accommodate their operations to timesand circumstances. Tliev combine ; tliev choose their favourablemoment ; and receive ins'tnicti<pn bv experience. Many of theoperations announce reflection : the bird repairs a shattered nest',instead of constructing instinctively a new one : the hen, who hasbeen robbed of her eggs, changes her place in order to lay theirremainder with more security ; the cat discovers both care andartifice in concealing her kittens. Again, it is evident, that, onmany occasions, animals know their faults and mistakes, and cor-rect them ; they sometimes contrive the most ingenious methodsof obtaining tiieir ends, and when one method fails have recourseto another; and they have, without doubt, a kind of languagefor the mutual communication cf their ideas. Ilow is all tins tobe accounted for, (says Bergman,) unless we suppose them en-dowed with the powers of perceiving, thinking, remembering,comparing, and judging? ’I hey have these powers, indeed, ina degree inferior to that in which they are possessed by thehuman species, and form classes below them in the scale of intel-ligent beings. lie does not, however, consider them as beings-w hose actions are directed to moral ends, nor consequently asaccountable and proper subjects for reward or punishment in afuture world. That brutes possess reflection and sentiment, andare susceptible of the kindly as well as the irascible passions, inde-pendently of sexual attachment and natural affection, is evidentfrom the numerous instances of gratitude daily observable in dif-ferent animals particularly the’ (log. Of those and other senti-ments, such as pride, c.ud even a sense of glory, the elephantexhibits proofs equally surprising and indubitable. See En teas.Mr. AYhite, in his Natural History, &e. of Selborne, speaking ofthe natural affection of brutes, savs, “ the more I relied on it themore I am astonished at its tfleets. Nor is the violence of thisaffection more wonderful than the shortness of its duration. Tliusevery hen is in her turn tl>e virago of the raid, in proportion tothe .helplessness of her brood; and will fly in the face of a dogor a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks shewill drive before her with relentless cruelly. This affection sub-limes the passions, quickens the invention, and sharpens the saga-city of the brute creation. Thus an hen, just become a mother,is no longer that placid bird she used to be, but with feathers stand-ing On end, wings hovering, and cloaking note, she runs aboutlike one possessed. Dams will throw themselves in the wav ofthe greatest danger in order to avert it from their progeny. Thusa partridge will tumble along before a sports'man, in order to drawaway the dogs from her helpless covey. In the time of liidiliea-tion the most feeble birds will assault the most rapacious. Allthe hirmidines of a village are up in arms at the sight of a hawk,6 Y whom

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