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whom they will persecute tilt he leases that district. A veryexact observer has often remarked, that a pair of ravens nestlingin the rock of Gibraltar would sutler no vulture or eagle to restnear their station, hist would drive them from the hill with anamazing fury : even the blue thrush at the season of breedingwould dart out from the clefts of the rocks, to chase away thekestril or the sparrow-hawk. If you stand near the nest of a birdthat has young, she will not he induced to betray them by an in-advertent fondness, but will wait about at a distance with meat inher mouth for an hour together. The flycatcher builds everyyear in the vines that grow on the w alls of my house. A pair ofthese little birds had one year inadvertently placed their nest ona naked bough, perhaps in a shady time, not being aware of theinconvenience that followed : but an hot sunny season coming onbefore the brood was half-fledged, the reflection of the wall be-came insupportable, and must inevitably have destroyed the tenderyoung, had not direction suggested an expedient, and promptedflip parent birds to hover over the nest all the hotter hours, whilew'ith wings expanded and mouths gaping for breath they screenedoff the heal for their suffering offspring. A farther instance Ionce saw of notable sagacity in a willow wren, which had built ina bank in my fields. This bird a friend and myself had observedas the sat in her nest; but were particularly careful not to dis-tail) her, though we saw she eyed us with Some degree of jealousy.Some days after, as we passed (fiat way, we were desirous of re-marking how this brood went on; but no nest could be found,till I happened to take up a large bundle of long green moss asit were carelessly thrown over the nest, in order to dodge the eyeof anv impertinent intruder.” A wonderful spirit of sociality inthe brute creation, independent of sexual attachment, lias beenfrequently remarked. Many horses, though quiet with company,will not stay one minute in a field by themselves; the strongestfences cannot restrain them. A horse has been known to leap outat a stable window, through which dung was thrown, after com-pany ; and yet in other respects was remarkably quiet. Oxen andcows will not fatten by themselves; but will neglect the finestpasture that is not recommended by society. It would be needlessto instance in sheep, which constantly flock together. 15ut thispropensity seems not to he confined to animals of the same species.Mr. White mentions “a doe that was brought up from a littlefawn with a dairy of cows. With them it goes a-field, and withthem it returns to the yard. The dogs of the house take nonotice of this doe, being used to her ; but if strange dogs comeby, a chase ensues; while the master smiles to see his tuvquritesecurely leading her pursuers over hedge, or gate, or style, tillshe returns to the cows, who with fierce lowings and menacinghorns drive the assailants quite out of the pasture.” It iscurious to observe that even great disparity of kind and sizedoes not always prevent social advances and mutual fellowship.”Of this tile following remarkable instance is given by the sameauthor. “ A very intelligent and observant person has assuredme, that in the former part of his life, keeping but one horse, liehappened also on a time to have but one solitary hen. These twoincongruous animals spent much of their time together, in alonely orchard, where they saw no creature but eacli other. Bydegrees an apparent regard began to take place between these tworequestered individuals. The fowl would approach the quadrupedwith notes of complacency, rubbing herself gently against hislegs; while the horse would look down with satisfaction, and movewith the greatest caution and circumspection, lest lie should tram-ple on his diminutive companion. Thus by mutual good officeseach seemed to console the vacant hours of die other.”

BRUTTII, in ancient geography, one of the two peninsulasof Italy, the ancient Calabria ' being the other; stretching S. to-wards "Siciiv ; bounder! by the sea on every side except by theisthmus, between the river" Laus and the Thurii , where it is ter-minated by Lucania; inhabited by the Bruttii, for whose countrythe ancient Homans had no peculiar name, calling both the peopleand the country indiscriminately Bruttii.

BRUTTOrS, a town of Somersetshire , 12 miles S. ]'. ofWells.

BRUTU§, Lucius Junius , the avenger of the rape of Lu-crctia, and founder of the Roman. Republic , flourished about1)09 B. C.

Brutus, Marcus, the passionate lover of his country, and

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chief conspirator against Cresar, slew himself on losing the battleof Philippi, B. C. 42.

BRU YIERB, a tow n of France, 22 miles S. by E. of Luneville .

BRYANS-BRIDGE, a town in Ireland , 8 miles N. ofLinicric.

BRYONIA, Bryony, a genus of the syngenesw order, andmoncecia class of plants ; natural order Cucurbitaeciv. Calyx ofthe male, live-toothed, corolla quinquelid. In the female thecalyx is dentated ; corolla quinquelid ; style trilid ; berry round-ish, many-seeded. It has 19 species.

B. Alb rough or white byrony with red flowers, is a nativeof dry banks- under hedges in many parts of Britain . The rootsof tliis plant have by impostors been brought into a human shape,and shewn for mandrakes. The roots afe very large, sometimesas thick as a man’s thigh ; their smell, when fresh is strong anddisagreeable ; the taste nauseously bitter, acrid, and biting ; thejuice is so sharp, as in little time to excoriate, the skin; in dry-ing, they lose great part of their acrimony, and almost theirwhole scent. Bryony root is a strong irritating cathartic ; and assuch lias sometimes been successfully exhibited in maniacal cases,in some kinds of dropsies, and in several chronical disorders,w here a quick solution of viscid juices and a sudden stimulus onthe solids were required. An extract prepared by water actsmore mildly, and with greater safety, than the root in substance:given from half a drachm to a drachm, it is said to prove a gentlepurgative, and likew ise to operate powerfully by urine. Bryonyroot, applied externally, is said to be a powerful discutient.

BRYUM, in botany, a genus of the class cryptogamia, ordernnisci ; natural order, Musci. Anthera opcrculaled or coveredwith a lid; calyptra polished ; and tiiere is a filament arisingfrom the terminal tubercle. There are forty-seven species, mostof them natives of Britain .

BUA, an island of the gulpti of Venice, on the coast of Dal-matia , near Trail; called also the Partridge Island, because fre-quented by those Girds.

BUBASTIS, a name of Isi s or the moon.

BUBBLE, in commerce, a cant term given to a project forraising money on imaginary grounds, too much practised inFrance and England, in 17111, 1720, and 1721. The pretence ofthose schemes was the raising a capital for retrieving, setting onfoot, or carrying on, some promising and useful branch of trade,manufacture, machinery, or the like. To this end proposals weremade out, shewing the advantages to be derived from the under-taking, and inviting persons to be engaged in it. The sum ne-cessary to manage the affair, together with the profits expectedfrom it, were divided into shares or subscriptions, to be purchasedby any disposed to adventure therein. Bubbles by which thepublic have been tricked, are of two kinds, viz. 1. Those whichwe may properly enough term trading-bubbles; 2. Stock orfund bubbles. 'I lie former have been of various kinds ; and thelatter at different times, as in 1719 and 1720.

Bubble, in natural philosophy, a small drop or vesicle of anyfluid filled with air: and formed- either on its surface by an addi-tion of more of the fluid, as is raining, Sec .; or in its substanceby an intestine motion of its component particles. Bubbles aredilatable or compressible, i. e. they take up more or less roomas the included air is more or less heated, or more or less pressedfrom without ; and are round, because the included air acts equallyfrom within all around.

BUBO, or Buboe, in surgery, a tumor which arises, with in-flammation, in tlie arm-pits and the groin.

BUBON, Macedonian Parsley: a genus of the digyniaorder, and pentandria class of plants ; natural order, Umbellate.The fruit is ovated, striated and villous. There are five specieswhich are propagated by seeds.

BUBONOCELE, [Lat. from /3»Siv, the groin, and x^x,, a rup-ture,] a particular kind of rupture, when the intestines breakdown into the groin.

BUBROMA, in botany, bastard cedar, a genus of the poly-adelphia dodecandria class and order. Calyx three-leaved; petalsfive, arched, semibifid ; anthers on each iihment. three ; stigmasimple; capsule muricate, five-celled, not opening, it has onespecies, viz. B. guazuma, elm-leaved bubroma or theobroma,or bastard cedar. This tree rises to the height of forty or fiftyfeet in the West Indies , having a trunk as large as the size of

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