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200
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same time, and is, pn compression, again expelled by means oftwo other valves, which open from within toward the externalparts. Both ba.gs of the bellows terminate below the valve in oneprincipal tube of communication; because, though the action ofboth bellows is simultaneous, the stream of air, conformably to thearrangement before pointed out, can only enter, and escape, alter-nately. In using this machine, the small ivory pipe is applied«ither to one of the nostrils, or put into the mouth: in the formercase, the other nostril and the mouth must be closed ; in the lat-tet, both nostrils. When the bellows are set in action, one of (liebags receives a column of atmospheric air through its valve; whilethe other, by means of its tlexible lube and its valve, extracts aportion of air from the lungs. But, if the bellows are again shut,One of the bags parts with the impure gas drawn out of the pulmo-nary vessels; and the second conveys pure atmospheric air to theorgans of respiration. By properlv repeating this alternate pro-cess, the patient may again be enabled to exercise the importantfunction of breathing. As, however, a precipitate and irregularmethod of proceeding might be productive of injury, this delicateoperation ought to be performed by persons who are acquaintedwith the mechanism of respiration. In some cases, where the pa-tient has, for a considerable time, lain under water, or was after-wards neglected for want of due assistance, it would be desirableto introduce into his lungs oxygen, or pure vital air, instead ofthat of the common atmosphere; as the latter is generally more orless corrupted on suph occasions by the breath of many persons inthe same room. For this purpose may be used a bladder, mark-ed g, which is provided with a cock and pipe fitted or screwed tothe board of the inspiring valve and bag of the bellows. If, there-fore, after opening the cock, the machine is set in motion, it willextract the pure air contained in the bladder, and, on the subse-quent compression of the bellows, force it into the lungs of the pa-tient.
Fig. 9. A machine for injecting the smoke of tobacco by wayof clyster, in those desperate cases w hich require the application ofthis remedy. It consists of a pair of bellows, to the muzzle ofwhich is fitted a metal box, a, provided with a ring, in the middledf which it may be unscrewed, and again closed, after being filledwith tobacco, and set on fire: the pipe c of the flexible tube b, isintroduced into the fundament; and thus, by means of the bellowsd, the smoke is forced into the rectum.
Fig. 10. A bier of wicker work, in the form of a slanting, ob-long basket, for conveying the body of the drowned, in a posturesomewhat raised. This simple contrivance has the advantage, thatthe water may easily run off, while the patient is carried: and, asmany unfortunate persons are materially injured by rough treat-ment, before they arrive at a house of reception, so that their re-covery is thus often frustrated, wc recommend the universal adop-tion of this useful implement.
Fig 11. The warming machine of block tin, or other metal,was originally invented by Mr. Ilarvey, of London , who suggest-ed it to our Koval Humane Society, and it was subsequently im-iroved by M. Braasch, an ingenious mechanic, of Hamburgh,ts object is to procure an uniform degree of warmth, throughoutthe apparatus, in the most expeditious manner, by tilling the hol-low, or double bottom and sides of the whole implement, withboiling water, a is the body of the machine, seven feet long,and made of solid pieces of block-tin, to prevent the necessity ofsoldering them, and consequently the formation of iron-rust: itvests on two wooden legs J'j, and maybe easily carried bv thehandle* g/y. The water is poured in tlgough both funnels dd, inorder to warm it more speedily; and each of these is providedwith a stopper as suspended on a chain, represented in the figurewith a view to prevent, if necessary, too sudden evaporation andcooling of the water: h is the intermediate space between the twometallic plates, producing a vacuum of inches, in which tin-fluid is diffused over the whole machine; b is a wooden desk tosupport the head of the patient, and to protect it from the imme-diate contact with the heated parts; but, on the opposite end oftiie machine, there is an enlarged intermediate space c, for hold-ing such a quantity of water and vapours as will procure an addi-tional, or at least a more permanent, degree of heat towards thelower extremities, than to the trunk of the body. For dischargingthe water, when it is not wanted, or changing it when too cold,there is a cock at e. The hollow sides of this machine are abouttwelve inches high; and in order to ensure an uniform warmth,
the body apparently dead should be placed on a straw mattress,and tucked in v ith'blankets. A paillul of water is required to tillthe whole machine, as a smaller quantity would warm the sidesonly for a short time, by means of the vapour. It deserves to beremarked, that this ingenious contrivance may also be used for awarm bath; tor which purpose, the inner space in which the bodylies, should be supplied with water.
DRUGGET, in commerce, a stuff sometimes all wool, andsometimes half wool half thread, sometimes corded, but usuallyplain. Those that have the woof of wool, and the warp of thread,are called threaded druggets; and those wrought with the shuttleon a loom of four marches, as the serges of Moui, Beauvois, andother like stuffs, corded, are called corded druggets. As to theplain, they are wrought on a loom of two marches, with the shut-tle, in the same manner as cloth, camlets, and other like stuffs, notcorded.
DRUIDS, DRUIDES , or DRU1D.E, the priests or ministersof religion among the ancient Gauls, Britons, and Germans . Sonicderive the word from the Hebrew c'Vm drussun, which theytranslate contemplatores. Picard, (Celtopaid. lib. ii. p. 58,) be-lieves the druids to have been thus called from Druis , or Dryius,their leader, the fourth or fifth king of the Gauls , anti father ofSaron or Naumes. Pliny, Salmasius , Yigenere, &c. derive thename from fwr, an oak; on account of their inhabiting, or fre-quenting, and teaching in forests; or because, they never sacri-ficed but under the oak. But it is hard to imagine bow the druidsshould come to speak Greek. Menage derives the word fromthe old British drus, da-mon, or magician ; Borel, from the Saxondry, magician; or from the old British dm or tin'll', “ oak,’*’whence he takes the Greek word Jji/f to be derived ; which is themost probable supposition. Gorop. Becalms, lib. i. takes druis tobe an old Celtic and German word, formed from trowis or truwis,“ a doctor of the truth and the faith;” which etymology Vossiusacquiesces in. The druids were the first and most distinguishedorder among the Gauls and Britons; they were chosen out of thebest families; and the honours of their Girth, joined with those oftheir function, procured them the highest veneration among thepeople. They were versed in astrology, geometry, natural philo-sophy, politics, and geography; they were the interpreters of re-ligion, and the judges of all affairs indifferently. Whoever refus-ed obedience to them was declared impious and accursed. Weknow but little as to their peculiar doctrines; only that they be-lieved the immortality of the soul; and, as is generally supposed,the metempsychosis; though a late author makes it appear highlyprobable they did not believe this last, at least not in the sense ofthe Pythagoreans. Their chief settlement in Britain was in theisle of Anglesey, the ancient Mona, which was well stored withspacious groves of their favouiite oak. They were divided intoseveral classes, viz. the vaerrri, bardi, cubages, seinnotliii or sem-liothei, and saronidie. The vacerri are held to have been thepriests; the bardi, the poets; the eubages, the augurs; and thesaronida-, the civil judges and instructors of youth. As to thesemnotliei, who are said to have been immediately devoted to theservice of religion, it is probable they were the same with the va-cerri. Strabo , however, (lib. iv. p. 197,) only distinguishes threekinds, bardi, vates, and druids. The bardi were the poets; thevates, «n.ru; (probably the vacerri,) were the priests and natu-ralists; and the druids, besides the study of nature, applied them-selves to morality- Diogenes Laertius assures us, that the druidswere the same among the ancient Britons with the philosophersamong the Greeks; the magi among the Persians ; the gyinnoso-phixts among the Indians; ai)d the Chaldeans among the Assy-rians. Their garments were remarkably long; and, when em-ployed in religious ceremonies, they wore a white ;urplice. 'I lu-ygenerally carried a wand in their hands; and wore a kind of orna-ment enchased in gold about their necks, called the druid’s egg.Their necks were also decorated with gold chains, and their lumasand arms with bracelets: they wore their hair very short, amitheir beards remarkably long. The druids had one chief, or arch-druid, in everv nation, who acted as high-priest, lie had abso-lute authority over the rest; and commanded, decreed, punished,&c. at pleasure. At his death he was succeeded by the most con-siderable among his survivors; and, if there were several preten-ders, the matter was ended by an election, or else decided byarms. The druids presided at sacrifices, and other ceremonies;and had the direction of every thing relating to religion. The