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union of the Scots and Piets under Kenneth II . about A. D.

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DURSTUS, or DURST, the son of Erp, king of the Piets,began to reign A. D. 406 according to Dr. Anderson ; and afterfighting many battles, ‘the Dr. says no less than 100, and that lielived 100 years!) died A. 1). 45). In his reign the gospel wasfirst preached to the Piets by St. Nimian. Royal Gcneul.

DUSDHKUK, a town of Arabia, in Yemen . Lon. 44. 20. E.Lat. 13. 50. N.

DUSKY BAY, a bay on the S. W. coast of the island Tavai-poenammoo, the most western one of New Zealand . It isreckoned by Captain Cook to be the most proper place in NewZealand for the procuring of refreshments. Lon. 166. 18. E. Lat.

45. 40. S.

DUSSELDORF, or DUSSELDORP, a strong town of Ger-many, in Westphalia, 21 miles N. N. W. of Cologne . Lon. 6. 52.

E. Lat. 51. 12. N.

DUTCH, the people of the late United Provinces , now calledBatavia, and Holland .

DUTCHESS COUNTY, a county of New York , on the E.side of Hudson River .

D.UTCIIY, [ dtiche , Fr.j A territory which gives title to aduke, or has a duke for its sovereign.

DUTCHYCOURT, a court wherein all matters appertainingto the dutch}" of Lancaster are decided by the decree of (lie chan-cellor of that court. The origin of this court was in Henry theIV.’s time, who obtained the crown by deposition of Richard II. and having the duchv of Lancaster, by descent, in right of hismother, became seised thereof as king, not as duke: So that allthe liberties, franchises, and jurisdictions of the said county passedfrom the king, by his great seal, and not by livery or attornment,as the earldom of March, and other possessions, which descendedto him by other ancestors than the king’s, did. Henry IV. byauthority of parliament, severed the possessions, liberties, &c. ofthe said dutchy from the crown: but Edward IV . restored themto their former nature. The officers belonging to this court are,a chancellor, attorney general, receiver general, clerk of the court,and messenger; besides assistants; as attorneys in the exchequer,and chancery, and four counsellors.

DUTY, in a moral sense. See Moral Philosophy .

Duty, in the military art, is the exercise of those functions thatbelong to a soldier: with this distinction, that mounting guardand the like, where there is no enemy directly to be engaged, iscalled duty; but marching to meet and light an enemy is calledgoing'on service.

Duty, in polity and commerce, signifies the impost laid onmerchandizes, at importation or exportation, commonly calledthe duties of customs ; also the taxes of excise, stamp duties, &c.

See Custom, Excise , &c. The principles on which all dutiesand customs should be laid on foreign merchandizes which areimported into these kingdoms, are such as tend to cement a mu-tual friendship and traffic between one nation and another; andtherefore due care should be taken in the laying of them, thatthey may answer so good an end, and be reciprocal in both coun-tries. r I hey should be so laid as to make the exports of this na-tion at least equal to our imports from those nations with whichwe trade, so that a balance in money should not be issued out ofGreat Britain, to pay for the goods and merchandizes of othercountries: to the end that no greater number of our landholdersand manufacturers should be deprived of their revenues arisingfrom the product of the lands, and the labour of the people, byforeign importations, than are maintained by exportations to suchcountries. The.-e are the rational principles on which our treatiesof commerce with other countries ought to be grounded.

DUUMVIRATE, the office or dignity of the duumviri. Seethe next article, The duumvirate lasted till A. U. C. 388, whenit was changed into a decemvirate. See Decemviri.

DUUMVIRI, in Roman antiquity, a general appellation givento magistrates, commissioners, and officers, where two were joinedtogether in the same functions: such as

1. Duumviri Capitales, the judges in criminal causes. Fromtheir sentence it was lawful to appeal to the people, who alone hadthe power of condemning a citizen to death.

2. Duumviri Municipales, two magistrates in some cities ofthe empire, answering to what the consuls were at Rome .

VOL. 11 .—no. 69 .

DWA

3. Duumviri Navales, two commissaries of the tleet, firstcreated at the request of M. Decius, tribune of the people, in thetime of the war with the Samnites. Their duty consisted in giv-ing orders for the lilting out of ships, giving commissions of ma-rine officers, &c.

4. Duumviri Sacrokum, two magistrates created by Tar-quin II. for performing the sacrifices, and keeping the Sibyls books.

DUX. Sec Duke.

DUYIVELANI), DUYVELAND, or DIVELAND, anisland of Batavia or Holland, in the department of the Meuse , inZealand .

DWAL, in heraldry, the herb nightshade, used by such asblazon with flowers and herbs, instead of metals and colours, forsable or black.

DWARF, in general, an appellation given to things greatly in-ferior in size to that which is usual in their several kinds: thusthere are dwarfs of the human species, dwarf-dogs, dwarf-trees,&c. The Romans were passionately fond of dwarfs, whom theycalled nani or name, insomuch that they often used artificial me-thods to prevent the growth of boys designed for dwarfs, by in-closing them in boxes, or by the use of tight bandages. Augus-tus ’s niece, Julia, was extremely fond of a dwarf called Sonopas,who was only Lvo feet and a hand breadth high. We have manyother accounts of human dwarfs, but most of them deformed insome way or other, besides (he smallness of their size. Many re-lations also concerning dwarfs we must consider as fabulous, aswell as those concerning giants. The following, however, whichwe have reason to believe authentic, is very remarkable. JefferyHudson, the famous English dwarf, was born at Oakham in Rut-landshire , in 1619 ; and about the age of seven or eight being thenhut eighteen inches high, was retained in the service of the dukeof Buckingham who resided at Burleigh on the hill. Soon alterthe marriage of Charles I. the king and queen being entertainedat Burleigh, little Jeffery was served up to table in a cold pye,and presented hv the duchess to the queen, who kept him as herdwarf. From seven till thirty, he never glew taller ; but afterthirty he shot up to three feet nine inches, and there fixed. Jef-fery became a considerable part of the entertainment of the court.Sir William Davenant wrote a poem called “ JeffYeidos,” on abattle between him and a turky-cock ; and in 1638, was publisheda very small book, called the “ New Year’s Gift,” presented atcourt by the lady Parvula to the lord Minimus (commonly calledLittle Jefferv) her majesty’s servant, written by Microphilus, witha little print of Jeffery prefixed. Before Ibis period, Jeffery wasemployed on a negociation of great importance: he was sent toFrance to fetch a midwife for the queen ; and on his return withthis gentlewoman, and her majesty’s dancing master, and manyrich presents to the queen from her mother Mary de Medicis, hewas taken by the Dunkirkers. Jeffery, thus made of consequence,grew to think himself really so. He had home with little temperthe teazing of the courtiers and domestics, and had many squab-bles with the king’s gigantic porter. At last, being piovoked byMr. Crofts, a young gentleman of family, a challenge ensue 1:and Mi'f’Crofts coming to the rendezvous armed only with a quirt,the little creature was so enraged, that a real duel en-ued ; and theappointment being on horseback w ith pistols, to put them more ona level, Jeffery at the iirst fire, shot his antagonist dead. Thishappened in France , whither he had attendid his mistress duringthe troubles. He was again taken prisoner by a Turkish rover,and sold into Barbarv. lie probably did nol remain long in sla-very : for at the beginning ol the civil war, he was made a captainin the royal army; and in 1644 attended the queen to France ,where he remained till the Restoration. At last, upon suspicionof his being privy to the Popish plot, he was taken up in 1682, andconfined in the Gatehouse of W estminster, where he ended hislife in the 63d year of his age.

Dwarf-Trees, a kind of diminutive fruit-trees, frequentlyplanted in the borders of gardens, and so denominated from theirlow stature. Dwarf-trees were formerly in great request, but havebeen much neglected since the introduction of espaliers. Themethod of propagating dwarf-pears, which have been found to suc-ceed better than any other dwarf's, is as follows: They are to begrafted on a quince-stock, about six indies above the ground;and, as soon as the bud has sprouted so far as to have four eves, it3 II is