is to be stopped, in order that lateral branches may shoot forth. •Two years after budding, the trees will be ready’ to be transplant- :ed to the spot where they are to remain. They should be set atthe distance of 25 or 30 feet square, and the intermediate space imay be sown or planted with culinary herbs, w hile the trees are Iyoung; but such herbs are not to be placed too near their roots,which would thus be obstructed in their growth. Stakes are next ito be driven around the tree, to which the branches of it are to be ;nailed with list, while young; being trained in an horizontal direc-tion, artd no branches being afterwards permitted to intersect eachother: in shortening the roots, the uppermost eye should alwaysbe left outwards. The summer and autumn pears thrive mostluxuriantly, when planted in this manner, but the winter pears donot succeed. Apples are also sometimes cultivated as dwarfs ; forwhich purpose they are generally grafted on paradise stocks. Thesedo not spread their branches so widely as pears, and therefore re-quire to be set only eight feet apart. Some gardeners also rear
dwarf-apricots and plums, which, however, being less hardy thaneither apples or pears, seldom thrive when set according to thismethod.
DWINA, a province of Russia, in the government of Archan-gel ; bounded on the E. bv the province of Coudinski, on the S.by listing, on the W. by Kargapol, and on the N. by the WhiteSea. Archangel is the capital.
Dwina, the name of two large rivers, one of which rises in Lithuania, and, dividing Livonia from Courlaiul, falls into the BalticSea a little below Riga ; the other gives name to the province ofDwina in Russia, discharging itself into the White Sea a little be-low Archangel .
DY E, in architecture, any square bodv, as the trunk or notch-ed part of a pedestal : or it is the midJle of a pedestal, or thatpart inelud ■<! between the base and tbe corniclie ; so called be-cause it is often made in the form of a cube or dye.
DYEING is the art of developing and extracting the colour-ing particles of any substance w hatever, and of uniting and fixingthem afterwards upon cloths, stuffs, or any other matters, so as ap-parently to constitute but one body. The object of this art, there-fore, consists in depriving one body of its colouring principle, inorder to fix it upon another in a durable manner; and the ser eof manipulations w iiich are necessary to produce this effect, con-stitutes the art itself. The word, however, in its most commonacceptation, is generally restricted to the art of tinging silk, wool,cotton, and linen with different colours: and in this sense theart of dyeing is practised as a trade, by those who do notmeddle with any of the other branches, as staining of lea-ther, &c.
General History of the Art.
The origin of the art of dyeing, or of imparting lo different ma-terials employed for the fabrication of garments and furnituie,those beautiful colours which are afforded by many articles ot tinveg> table, animal, and mineral kingdoms, appear- to have beenof high antiquity. As most of these materials are, of tl.einselvi s,eitlie of dark and disagreeable colours, or else devoid ot all co-lour, it is probable tha', even in the very earliest ages, the love o(ornament, which is natural lo mankind, would induce them tostain their vestments with various colouring ingredients, especiallywith vegetable juices. The ancients also obtained from the coc-cu-, now known by the name of kermes, a colour which was al-most as highly esteemed as the purple, and which was sometimesniixeu with it. According to Pliny , the Egyptians had discover-ed a mode of dyeing, somewhat resembling that which we use forcolouring printed linens; the '-tuffs, probably alter having beenimpregnated with different mordants, were immersed in vats,where they received various colours. And Mr. Delaval is of opi-nion, that they were possessed not only of the art of dyeing, buteven ot that ol printing on cloths. The Phoenicians seem to havea strong claim to the invention of this art, and they held a decidedpre-eminence in it for many ages: tlimr purple and scarlet clothswere sought after by every civilized nation ; and the city of Tyre,enriched by its commerce, increased to an amazing extent. Buther career was stopped bv the vanity and folly ol the eastern em-perors ; under whose dominion this opulent city had unfortunatelyfallen. Desirous of monopolizing the wearing of the beautifulcloths of'Py re, these misjudging tyrants issued most severe edicts,prohibiting any one from appearing in the Tyrian blue, purple, orscarlet, except themselves, and their great officers of state. Tothis injudicious restriction is to be attributed the destruction of theTyrian dyes. For under the impolitic restraint imposed on theconsumption of the Phoenician cloths, the manufacturers and dyersw ere no longer able to carry on their trade; it grew languid, sic-kened, and expired : and, with the trade, the art itself also pe-rished. Among the Greeks the knowledge of dyeing must have
been very imperfect, and little assisted by science ; for the art ofdyeing linen appears not lo have been known in Greece beforeAlexander’s invasion of India, where, according to Pliny , theydyed the sails ot his vessels of oiiferent coioms. Tlie’t,reeksseem to have borrowed this art from the Indians. This last coun-try seems to hare been the nursery of the arts and sciences, whichwere afterwards spread am! perlected among other nations. Acci-dents, wh.ch had a tendency to improve the art, could not tail tobe multiplied rapidly, in a country rich in natural productions,
: which requires little labour mr the support of its inhabitants, andilie p pulation ol which was favoured by the bounty of nature,and the simplicity of manners, till it was opposed by the tyrannyof succeeding conquerors. But religious prejudices, and {lie un-alterable division in easts, soon shackled industry ; the arts be-came stationary ; and it would seem, that the knowledge of dye-ing cotton in tiiat country (tor silk was then unknown, or at leastvery sc; rce) was as tar advanced m the time of Alexander, as it is,.t the present period. 1 lie very beautiful colours, which are ob--erval.le m some Indian linens, would lead one to suppose, thatthe art of dy eing nail there attained a high degree of perfect on ;but we find by the description will li Beaulieu, at the request ofDufay gave of some operations prilonned under his own eye,that the Indian processes aie so complicated, tedious and imper-fect, that they would be impracticable in any other country, onaccount ot the great difference in the price wiiicli is paid for labour.It is unquestionably true, that Emopean industry lias far surpassedthem in correctness of design, variety ol shade, and facility of ex-ecution ; and if we are inferior to them with respect to the liveli-ness of some colours, it is only to he attributed to the superiorquality of some of their dyes, or perhaps to the length and multi-plicity of tiie:r operations and protesses. Dufay, Hcllot, Mac-quer, and Berlhollet have rendered essential services to this art.Dufay appears to have been the first who obtained just notions ofthe colouring particles, and shewed how they are naturally dis-posed to adhere more or less firmly to the filaments which receive, them ; and lias very justly remarked, that without this disposition,
! stuffs would never assume any colour but that of tile bath, and| would always divide the colouring particles equally with it:
! whereas the liquor of the bath sometimes becomes as linmid aswater, giving oil' all the colouring particles to the stuff; 'which(says lie) seems to indicate that the ingredients have less attrac-tion for the water than for the particles of the wool. Bcrtliollet’streatise on dyeing is one of the best epitomes on the subject; andchemistry, and the arts of dyeing, and of bleaching, have beenmuch indebted to his labours. A translation of this work by Mr.Hamilton was published in 1793, 2 vols. 8vo. Also Cliaptai,D’Apligny, D’Ambourney, and I landman, in l 1 'ranee, have pub-lished treatises on the art of dyeing, which have much contributedto its improvement. In Sweden , Sohefl'er’s work on the subject;is accompanied with notes by the celebrated Be: gin an. In Ger-many