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beetled twice at the river. The heat during the operation mustnot exceed 122 degrees of Fahrenheit’s thermometer; and beforethe last two fires, an addition ef half a pound of sulphate of ironand as much gum Arabic is to be made. For removing the harsh-ness that silk acquires from the black dye, M. Angles thinks thatthe decoction of weld should be preferred to that of a solution ofsoap ; and says, that if silk be dyed blue with indigo previous toits being dipped for black, it will take only a mealy b'.ack, butthat a velvety black will he obtained, if it be prepared with log-wood and verdegris ; and that green walnut-peels soften the silk.Though a fine black may be procured from green walnut-peels,and the bath above described, he notwithstanding adds logwoodand verdegris, that he may not be obliged to use a large quantityof sulphate of iron, which weakens the silk too much. He thinksthat galls only serve to give the silk weight, and that sumach isadequate to the dye. Linen and cotton do not easily take a blackof any intensity that will resist soap ; therefore to dye them black, !a solution of iron is used, which is kept in a cask called the black jcask. This solution is prepared with vinegar, small beer, or smallw ine made from the grapes, after they have been pressed, by add-ing water to them, which is soured with rye meal, to procure anacid liquid at a low price. Pieces of old iron are thrown into thisliquor, which is never used in less than six weeks or two months.To this bath astringents are frequently added, particularly the de-coction of alder bark, which of itself has the property of dissolvingthe oxide of iron in a pretty large proportion.
Of Dyeing Compound Colours.
Compound colours are produced by mixing together two simpleones; or, which is the same thing, by dyeing cloth first one simplecolour, and then another. These colours vary to infinity, accord-ing to the proportions of the ingredients employed. They maybe arranged under the following classes: Mixtures of, 1. Blue and yellow ; 2. Blue and red; 3. Yellow and red ; 4. Black andother colours.
Mixture of Blue and Yellow .—This forms green; which is dis-tinguished by dyers into a variety of shades, according to thedepth of the shade, or the prevalence of either of the component
parts. Thus we have, sea-green, grass-green, pea-green, Sec.Wool, silk, and linen, are usually dyed green by giving them lirsta blue colour, and afterwards dyeing them yellow'; because, whenthe yellow is first given, several inconveniences follow : the yel-low partly separates again in the blue vat, and communicates agreen colour to it, and thus renders it useless for every other pur-pose, except dyeing green. And of the usual processes for dye-ing blue and yellow may be followed, taking care to proportionthe depth of the shades to that of the green required. When sul-phate of indigo is employed, it is usual to mix all the ingredientstogether, and to dye the cloth at once ; this produces what isknown by the name of Saxon or English green.
Mixtures of Blue and Red .—These form different shades ofviolet, purple, and lilac. Wool is generally first dyed blue, andafterwards scarlet, in the usual manner. By means of cochinealmixed with sulphate of indigo, the process may be performed atonce. Silk is first dyed crimson, by means of cochineal, and thendipped into the indigo vat. Cotton and linen are first dyed blue,then galled, and soaked in a decoction of logwood ; but a morepermanent colour is given by means of oxide of iron.
Mixtures of Yellow and Red .—These produce orange. Whenblue is combined with red and yellow on cloth, the resulting co-lour is olive. Wool may be dyed orange, by first dyeing it scar-let, and then ycliow. When it is dyed iirst with madder, the re-sult is cinnamon-colour. Silk is dyed orange by means of car-thamus ; a cinnamon-colour by logwood, Brazil wood, and fustic,mixed together. Cotton and linen receive a cinnamon-colour bymeans of weld and madder; and an olive-colour, by being passedthrough a blue, yellow, and then a madder-bath.
Mixtures of Black with other Colours .—These constitutegreys, drabs, and browns. If cloth is previously combined withbrown oxide of iron, and afterwards dyed yellow with quercitronbark, the result will be a drab of different shades, according to theproportion of mordant employed. When the proportion is small,the colour inclines to olive or yellow ; on the contrary, the drabmay be deepened or saddened, as the dyers term it, by mixing alittle sumach with the bark. See Calico-Printing.
DYERS. By stat. 3 and 4 Ed. VI. c. 2, no dyer may dyeany cloth with orchil, or with brazil, to make a false colour incloth, wool, &c. on penalty of 20s. By stat. 23 Eliz. c. f), dyersare to fix a seal of lead to cloths, with the letter M, to shew thatthey are well maddered, fee. or forfeit 3s. 4d. per yard. By stat23 feeo. III. c. 15, several penalties are inflicted’on dyers whodye any cloths deceitfully, and not woaded throughout with in-digo and madder. Dveing blue with logwood, to forfeit 201.Dyers in London are subject to the inspection of the dyers’ com-pany, who appoint searchers. In other places, these are ap-pointed by the justices, and opposing the searchers incur a penaltyof 101.
Dyer’s Weed, or Wf.ld. See Reseda.
DYEING, or Staining of Paper, Wood, Ivory, Marble ,fee. See Ivory, Marble, Paper, Wood , Sec.
Dyeing of Hats. See Hats.
Dyeing of Leather. See Leather.
DYKE-REEVE, in old statutes, an officer who had the careof the dikes, in the fens.
DYLE, one of the departments of France , formed out ofthe late Austrian Netherlands , and comprehending a great part ofthe province of Brabant. The chief city is Brussels .
Dyi.e, a river in the late Austrian Netherlands , which gives nameto the department. It rises about 22 miles S, E, of Brussels , andfalls into the Scheldt, at Rupplemond.
D YMEL, a river of Germany , in estphalia.
DYMUDE. SeeDixMUDE.
DYNA, an Indian coin, worth about 30s.
DYNAMICS [from Gr. power,] the science of mov-
ing powers, particularly of bodies which act mutually on eachother. See Mechanics.
historians, signifies a race or succession of kings of the same family.Such were the dynasties of Egypt . The Egyptians reckon 30dynasties within the space of 36,525 years ; but the most of chro-nologers look upon them as fabulous. And it is certain, that thesedynasties were not continually successive, but many of them col-lateral and cotemporary.
DYRBACIIIUM, in ancient geography, a town on the coastof Illyricum, before called Epidamnum, or Epid.onnus, an inau-spicious name, changed by the Romans to Dyrrachium ; a nametaken from the peninsula on which it stood.
DYSAC-OYA, [from Jv;, difficulty, and axuiu, to hear,] dul-ness of hearing.
DYS.E, in the Saxon mythology, inferior goddesses, messen-gers of Woden, whose province it was to convey the souls of suchas died in bailie to his abode, called Valhalf, i. e. the hall ofslaughter; where they were to drink with him and their othergods, cerevisia, a kind of malt liquor, in the skulls of their enemies.The Dyste conveyed those who died a natural death to Ilela, thegoddess of hell, where they were tormented with hunger, thirst,and every kind of evil.
DYS/ESTH ESI A, [from la;, difficult, and sensation,]
a difficulty or defect in sensation. See Medicine.
DYSART, a borough in Scotland , on the N. shore of theFrith of Forth, 11 miles N. of Edinburgh . Lon. 3, 6. W. Lat.56. fl. N.
DYSCINESIA, [from L,-, and >, motion,] a difficulty ofmoving. Sec Medicine.
| DYSCRASY, [iyo-xsac-ia,] an unequal mixture of elements inI the blood or nervous juice ; a distemperature, when some humouror quality abounds in the body.
DYSfcCCEA. See Medicine.
DYSENTERIC Fever. See Medicine.