F O R

472

FOR

same purpose. The very best and most effectual posture in aman, is that of rowing ; w herein he not only acts with more mus-cles at once for overcoming the resistance, than in any other posi-tion ; but as he pulls backwards, the weight of his body assists byway of lever. See Desaguliers, Exp. Phil. vol. i. p. 241, wherewe have several oilier observations relative to force acquired by jcertain positions of the body, from which that author accounts for jmost feats of strength and activity. See also a Memoir on this jsubject by M. de la Hire, in Mem. Roy. Acad. Sc. 1629 ; or inDesaguliers , Exp. &c. p. 267, &c. who has published a transla-tion -of part of it with remarks.

Force, Accelerative, or Retaroive Force, is that which jrespects the velocity of the motion only, accelerating or retarding jit; and ii is denoted by the quotient of the motive force, divided jby the mass or weight of the body. So, if m denote the motive jforce, and b the body, or its weight, and/the acceieiating or re- i

m \

tarding force, then is/ as —. Again, forces are either constant or va- I

b J

riable. Constant forces aresuchas remain andact continually the icame for some determinate time. Such, for example, is the force ofgravity, which acts constantly the same upon a body, while it con-tinues" at the same distance irom the centre of the earth, or fromthe centre of force, wherever that may be. In the case of a con-stant force F, acting upon a body b, for any time t, we have thesefollowing theorems; puttingthe constant accelerating force= F -~b\ v ~ the velocity at the end of the lime t ; s = the spacepassed over in that time, by the constant action of that force on thebody: and g = 16/j. feet, the space generated by gravity inisecond, and calling the accelerating force of gravity 1 ; then isv- 2 s v

s = itv = gft t =2 s s

V = 2 gft=zS f 5

— = a / •%/« ;tz= — ,t 2gf

y V/ gf ^ 2 gt gt- 4 g s

Forces, Variable, are such as are continually changing in theireffect and intensity; such as the force of gravity at different dis-tances from the centre of the earth, which decreases in proportionas the square of the distance increases. In variable forces, theo-rems similar to those above may be exhibited, by using the flux-ions of quantities, and afterwards taking the fluents of the givenfluxional equations. And herein consists one of the great excel-lencies of the Newtonian or modern analysis, by which we areenabled to manage and compute the effects of all kinds of variableforces, whether accelerating or retarding. Tiius, using the samenotation as above for constant forces, viz./, the accelerating forceat any instant; t, the time a body has been in motion by the ac-tion of the variable force ; t>, the velocity generated in that time;the space run over in that time; and l6-j f feet; then isv r> 2 gj s s' v v v

2 gf ’ v gJ ’ v 2 gf ^ 2gs

v

In these four theorems, the force/, though variable, j s

-gt.

supposed to he constant for the indefinitely small time t\ and theyare to be used in all cases of variable forces, as the former ones inconstant forces; viz. from the circumstances of the problem underconsideration, deduce a genera! expression for the value of the force/, at anv indefinite time t ; then substitute it in one of these theo-rems, which shall he proper to the case in hand ; and the equationthence resulting will determine the corresponding values of theother quantities in the problem. It is also to be observed, that theforegoing theorems equally hold good for the destruction of mo-tion and velocity, by means of retarding or resisting forces, asfor the generation of the same by means of accelerating forces.

Force, in law, signifies any unlawful violence ottered to thingsor persons, and is divided into simple and eomponnd.

1. Force, Compound, is where some other violence is com-mitted with such an act which of itself alone is criminal; as if oneenters by force into another’s house, and there kills a person, orravishes a woman. There is likewise a force implied in law, as ineverv tre.-pasx, rescue, or disseisin, and an actual force withweapons, number of persons, &c.—Any persons may lawfully en-

ter a tavern, inn, or victualling house; so may a landlord his ten-ant’s house to view repairs, &c. But if, in these cases, the personthat enters commits any violence or force, the law will intend thatlie entered for that purpose.

11. Force, Simple, is what is so committed, that it has noother crime attending it ; as where a person by force enters onanother’s possession, without committing any other unlawful act.

FORCELEAR, a town of Naples, in the province of AbruzzoUltra, 3 miles If. ofTeramo.

FORCEPS, a pair of nippers, or pinchers, for laying hold ofand pulling out any thing forced into another-body.

Forceps, in surgery, &e. a pair of scissars for cutting off, ordividing, the fleshy or membraneous parts of the body, bee Sur-ge r y.

FORCER, or FORCING-PUMP, in mechanics, is a kind ofpump in which there :s a forcer or piston without a valve. SeePump.

FORCIBLE DETAINER, in law, is where one by violencewithholds the possession of lands, &c. so that the person who has alight of entry is barred, or hindered, therefrom.

Forcible F.'ntry is, a violent and actual entry into houses orlauds. At common law, any person that had a right to enter intolands, Scr. might retain possession of it by force. But this libertybeing abused, to the breach of the peace, it was therefore foundnecessary that the same should be re 1 'rained: Though, at this day,lie who is w rongfully dispossessed of goods may by lurce retakethem. By statute, no persons shall mok - an entry on any lands ortenements, except where it is given by law, and in a peaceablemanner, even though they have title of entry, on pain of imprison-ment: and where a forcible entry is committed, justices of peaceare authorized to view the place, and enquire of the force by ajury, summoned by tbe sheriff of the county ; and they may causethe tenements, &c. to be restored, and imprison the offenders tillthey pay a fine. A writ of forcible entry also lies, where a personseised of a freehold, is by force put out thereof.

Forcible Marriage, of a woman of estate, is felony. For bythe statute 3 Hen. 7. c. 2, it is enacted, “ That if any persons shalltake away any woman having lands or goods, or that is heir appa-rent to her ancestor, by force, and against her will, and marry ordefile her; the takers, procurers, abettors, and receivers, of thewoman taken away against her will, and knowing the same, shall bedeemed principal felons; but as to procurers and accessories,they are, before the offence be committed, to be excluded thebenefit of clergy, by 39 F.liz. c. 9. The indictment on the statute3 II. 7, is expressly-to set forth, that the woman taken away hadlands or goods, or was heir apparent; and also that she was mar-ried or defiled, because no other case is within the statute ; and itought to allege that the taking was for lucre. It is no excuse thatthe woman at first was taken away with her own consent: for if sheafterwards refuse to continue with the offender, and be forcedagainst Iht will, she may from that time properly he said to betaken against her will; and it is not material whether a woman sotaken away be at last married or defiled with her own consent ornot, if she were under force at the time; the offender being inboth cases equally within the words of the act. Those personswho, after the fact, receive the offender, are but accessories afterthe offence, according to the rules of common law ; and those thatare only privy to the damage, but not parties to the forcible takingaway, are not within the act, 11. P. C. 119- A man may be in-dicted for taking away a woman by force in another country ; forthe continuing of the force in anv country amounts to a forcibletaking there, ibid. Taking away any woman-child under the ageof 16 years and unmarried, out ot the cu-tody and without the con-sent of the father or guardian, &rc. tiie offender shall suffer tineand imprisonment; and if the woman agree to any contract ofmatrimony with such person, she shall forfeit her estate duringlife, to the next of kin to whom the inheritance should descend,&c. Slat. 4 & 5. P & M. c. 8. This is a force against the parents:and an information will lie for seducing a young man or womanfrom their parents, against their consents, in order to marry (lieirij&c. See Marriage.

FORCING, in gardening, a method of producing ripe fiuihfrom trees before their natural season. The method of doing it I sthis: A wall should be erected ten feet high; a border must bemarked out on the south side of it, of about four feet wide, andsome slakes must be fastened into the ground all along the edge of

the