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pie, hath abandoned his connections with society, and hath nolonger any right to those advantages which before belonged tohim purely as a member of the community ; among which socialadvantages, the right of transferring or transmitting property toothers is one of the chief. Such forfeitures, moreover, wherebyhis posterity must suffer as well as himself, will help to restrain aman, not only by the sense of his duty, and dread of personal pu-nishment, but also by his passions and natural affections; and willinterest every dependent and relation he has to keep him from of-fending: according to that beautiful sentiment of Cicero , “ nec■vero me fugitquam sit acerbum, purentum scelera filiorum pa-nislui: sed hoc pratelare legibus comparatum est, ut earitas liberorumamiciores parentes reipublica: redderet.” And therefore AulusCascellius, a Roman lawyer in the time of the triumvirate, usedtn boast that he had two reasons for despising the power of the ty-rants ; his old age and his want of children: for children arepledges to the prince of the father’s obedience. Yet many na-tions have thought, that this posthumous punishment savours ofhardship to the innocent; especially for crimes that do not strikeat the very root and foundation of society, as treason against thegovernment expressly does. And therefore, although confisca-tions were very frequent in the times of the earlier emperors, yetArcadius and llonorius, in every other instance but that of trea-son, thought it more just, ibi esse pa-nam, ubi et noxa cst; and or-dered, that “ peccata suos teneant auctores, nec ultcrius progre-diatur metiis quam reperiatur delictum:” and Justinian also madea law to restrain the punishment of relations; which directs theforfeiture to go, ex-cept in the case of crimen majestatis, to thenext of kin to the delinquent. On the other hand, the Macedo-nian laws extended even the capital punishment of treason, notonly to the children, but to all the relations of the delinquent;and of course their estates must be also Forfeited, as no man wasleft to inherit them. And in Germany , by the famous goldenbull (copied almost verbatim, from Justinian ’s code), the lives ofthe sons of such as conspire to kill an elector are spared, as it isexpressed, by the emperor’s particular bounty. But they are de-prived of all theif effects and rights of succession, and arc render-ed incapable of any honour ecclesiastical and civil: to the endtiiat, being always poor and necessitous, they may for ever he ac-companied by the infamy of their father; may languish in conti-nual indigence; and may find (says this merciless edict) their pu-nishment in living, and their relief in dying.” In England, for-feiture of lands and tenements to the crown for treason is by nomeans derived from the feudal policy, but was antecedent to theestablishment of that system in this is'land; being transmitted fromtheir Saxon ancestors, and forming a part of the ancient Scandina-vian constitution. But in certain treasons relating to the coin(which seem rather a species of the crimen falsi than the crimenlxs* majestatis,) it is provided by some of the modern statuteswhich constitute the offence, that it shall work no forfeiture oflands, save only for the life of the offenders; and by all, that itshall not deprive the wife of her dower. And, in order to abolishsuch hereditary punishment entirely, it was enacted bv statute 7Ann. c. 21, that, after th(f decease of the late pretender, no at-tainder for treason should extend to the disinheriting of any heir,nor to the prejudice of any person, other than the traitor himself.By which the law of forfeitures for high treason would by this timehave been at an end, had not a subsequent statute intervened togive them a longer duration.

FORFEX, in Roman antiquity, a way of drawing up an armyin the form of a pair of shears. It was intended to receive thecuneus or wedge, if the enemy should make use of that figure.For when the forfex opened to admit the wedge, they had an op-portunity of defeating their design, and cutting them in pieces.

FORF1CULA, the Eau-wtg, in zoology, a genus ot itvects ofthe order coleoplera. Antenna: bristly; feelers unequal; elytradimidiated; wings covered; tail forked. This genus of insects isone of the best known, the forceps at the extremity of their abdo-men forming a very distinctive character. It is litis seeming wea-pon that has occasioned those insects to be called fcrficuhe; andthe formidable name of ear-wigs lias been given them in English ,from a notion that the in-ect frequently introduces itself into thetars, causing great pain and even death. Mr. Rarbut, however,assures us, that the forceps which the ear-wig carries at his tail, andwith which he seems provided for Iris defence, is not so formida-

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ble as it at first appears, being destitute of strength suflicient toproduce the least sensible impression. The larva differs very littlefrom the perfect insect. Ear-wigs are very mischievous verminin gardens, especially where carnations are preserved; for they areso lond of these flowers, that if care lie not taken to prevent them,they will entirely destroy them, by eating off the sweet parts attlie bottom of the leaves. To prevent which, most people havestands erected, which have a bason of earth or lead round eachsupporter, which is constantly kept filled with water. Other!hang the hollow claws of crabs and lobsters upon sticks in diversparts of the garden into which those vermin get; and by oftensearching them, one will destroy them without much trouble,which will be of great service to the wall-fruit. This genus haseighteen species.

FORGE, properly signifies a little furnace, wherein smiths andother artificers of iron or steel, &c. heat their metals red-hot, tosoften them, and render them more malleable and manageable onthe anvil. An ordinary forge is nothing hut a pair of bellows, thenozzle of which is directed upon a smooth area, on which coals areplaced. The nozzle of a pair of bellows may he also directed tothe bottom of any furnace, to excite the combustion of the ,coalsplaced there, by which a kind of forge is formed. In laboratories,there is generally a small furnace consisting of one cylindricalpiece, open at top, which has at its lower side a hole for receivingthe nozzle of a double bellows. This kind of forge furnace isvery convenient for fusions, as the operation is quickly performed,and with few coals. In its lower part, two inches above the holefor receiving the nozzle of the bellows, may be placed an ironplate of the same diameter, supported upon two horizontal bars,and pierced near its circumference with tour holes diametricallyopposite to each other. By this disposition, the wind of tile bel-lows, pushed forcibly under this plate, enters at these four holes ;and thus the heat of the fire is equally distributed, and the cruci-ble in the furnace is equally surrounded by it. This contrivanceis used in the forge furnaces for melting copper, with this differ-ence only, that, these furnaces are square, which is a matter of noconsequence. As the wind of bellows strongly and rapidly ex-cites the action of the fire, a forge is very convenient when a greatheat is to be applied quickly : hut it is not suitable when the heatis to be gradually increased. The forge, or blast of bellows, isused in several operations in small; as to fuse salts, metals, ores,&c. It is also much used in works in the grate, which requirestrong heat, without much management; and chiefly in the smelt-ing of ores, and fusion of metallic matters.

Forge, is also used for a large furnace, wherein iron ore, takenout of the mine, is melted down : or it is more properly applied toanother kind of furnace, wherein the iron ore, meltc’d down andseparated in a former furnace, and then east into sows and pigs, isheated and fused over again, and beaten afterwards with largehammers, and thus rendered more soft, pure, ductile, and fit toruse.

Forge, in the train of artillery, is generally called a travellingforge, and may not be improperly called a portable smith’s shop •at this forge all manner of smith’s work is made, and it can be usedupon a march as well as in camp. Formerly they w ere very illcontrived, w ith two wheels onh, anti wooden supporters to propthe forge for w orking when in the park. Of late they are madewith four wheels, which answers tlitir purpose much better.

Forge for Red-hot Dales, is a place where the balls aremade red-hot before they are fired off: it.is built about five or sixfeet below the surface of the ground, of strong brick-work, and aniron grate, upon which the balls are laid, with a very large lireunder them.

FORGERY, inlaw, is the fraudulent imitation of a name, o talteration of a writing to the prejudice of another man’s right. Rystatutes Eliz. c v 14, to forge or make, or knowingly to publishor give in evidence, any forged deed, court-roll, or will, with in-tent to ailed the right of real property, either freehold or copy-hold, is punished by a forfeiture to the’ party aggrieved of doublecosts and damages; by standing in the pillory, and having bothhis ears cut off, and his nostril's slit, and seared; by forfeiture tothe crown of the profits of his lands, and by perpetual imprison-ment. For any forgery relating to a term of years or annuitybond, obligation, acquittance, release, or discharge, of any debt,or demand of any personal chattels, the same forfeiture is given tlJ