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bus, as the eminences are the greater and the substance the harder:and as the body, by continual friction, becomes more and morepolished, the friction diminishes. Messrs. Amontons, De l.aHire, Camus, Desaguliers, Muschenbroek, Ferguson, Euler , andother mechanicians, have made a number of ingenious experi-ments to settle a principle for the exact calculation of the quantityof friction. But the most successful set of experiments, made onthis subject, are those of the Rev. Samuel Vince A, M. of Cam-bridge; published in the 75th Vol. of the Philosophical Transac-actions, p. 165. Mr. Emerson, in his Principles of Mechanicshas also made several important remarks on the friction of woodand metals. See Mechanics.
Friction, in medicine, is the act of rubbing a diseased partWith oils', unguents, and other matters, in order to ease, relieve,and cure it. Friction is also performed with a flesh-brush, a linen-cloth, or with flannel; which last is the most eligible. It is akind of exercise that remarkably contributes to the health of se-dentary persons; for it excites and kindles the natural warmth;diverts defluxions; promotes perspiration; opens the pores: andtends to dissipate stagnant humours. This operation is particular-ly beneficial to the nervous, debilitated, and studious; being anuseful substitute for other exercise. Hence we recommend tosuch individuals to spend half an hour every morning and eveningin rubbing their whole body, especially their limbs, with a cleanpiece of flannel. It ought, however, to be observed, that thisractice will be of the greatest service when the stomach andowels are empty. Lastly, we venture to affirm, that the mostimportant purposes to which friction may be rendered subservientin the animal economy, have hitherto been almost entirely neg-lected: we are, however, convinced from experience, that medi-cated frictions, or the introduction of the most active medicinesinto the human system, by rubbing them in properly on the sur-face, might be attended with the most happy effects, especially inall chronical diseases. Common sense appears to have long sincepointed out this excellent method of administering medicines, evento the Indian savages, though it is little practised in enlightenedEu-rope, where the stomach is doomed to be the lield of battle, for de-ciding commotions and irregularities in our complicated frame.But who is hardy enough to maintain, that the digestive organwas by Nature destined to be the exclusive vehicle of drugs, andto serve as their common laboratory.
FRIDBERG, a town of Germany, in Bavaria , 4 miles S. E. ofAugsburg, and 28 W. N. W. of Munich .
Fridberg, an imperial town of Germany , in Weteravia, 12miles N. E. of Frankfort, and 28 E. N. E. ot Mentz.
Fridberg, a town of Germany in Stiria, 32 miles E. of Pruck,and 42 S. of Vienna.
FR1DBURG, a town of Germany , in Upper Saxony, 30 milesW. of Leipsick.
FRIDECK, a town of Silesia, 10 miles W. S. W. ofTeschen,and 10 S. of Odelberg.
Frideck, a town of Prussia, 12 miles E. of Culm.
FltlDlNG, a town of Germany, in Suabia , SO miles N. E. ofConstance.
FRIDLAND, a town of Bohemia, 55 miles E. of Dresden .
FRIDSTOL, one of the ancient immunities granted tochurches. The word signifies a seat, chair, or place of peace andsecuritv, where criminals might find safety and protection. Ofthese there were many in England; but the most famous werethose at Beverly, and in St. Peter’s church at York, granted bycharter of king Henry I.
FRI EDBliRG, or FRIEDENBURG, a town of Silesia, inthe duchy of Jauer, on the Quiess; 11 miles \V. of Lowenberg.
Friedberg Hohen, a town of Silesia, in the duchy of Schweid-nitz ; 5 miles S. W. of Striegau .
FRIEDEBURG, a town of Westphalia , in E. Friesland, 22miles E. N. E. of Embden.
FRIEDER1CKST/EI), atown on the W, coast of Santa Cruz.Lon. 93. 25. W. Lat. 17. 48. N.
FRIEDLINGEN, or FR1DLINGEN, a town and fort ofSuabia, 3 miles E. of the Rhine, and 4 N. of Basle .
FRIENDLY ISLANDS, a cluster of 60 islands, in the Pa-cific Ocean , so named by Capt. Cook in 1773, on account of thefriendship which appeared to subsist among the inhabitants, andfrom their courteous behaviour to strangers. The chief of these
islands are Annaivmoka, Tangataboo, Lefooga, and Eaooa, orMiddleburg. The natives of these islands seldom exceed thecommon stature, but" are very strong and well made. Theseislands lie between-170° and 180° Lon. VV. and between 20° and23“Lat. S.
FRIENDS, or QUAKERS , a numerous and respectable reli-gious society, which took its rise about the middle of the 17thcentury; and spread very quickly into the Britisli colonies inNorth America, as well as into various countries in Europe . Themembers called themselves at first Seekers, from their seeking thetruth; but after their society was formed, assumed the name ofFriends. The name of Quakers was given them in derision.George Fox, a shoemaker , (see Fox,) is generally allowed to havebeen the founder of this Society. They weiesoon after joined bya number of learned, ingenious, and pious men. The chief ofthese were George Keith, the justiv celebrated William Penn ,(see Penn,) and Barclay of Ury, They believe in one eternalGod, the Creator and Preserver of the universe; and in JesusChrist his Son, the Messiah , and Mediator of the new Covenant,(Ileb. xii. 24.) To Christ alone they give the title of the Wordof God, (John i. 1.) They hold, that the scriptures are able tomake wise unto salvation, through faith in Christ Jesus , (2 Tim.iii. 15.) They reverence the precepts of our Lord, and believethat in the life to come every man will be rewarded according tobis works, (Matt. xvi. 27.) And that, to enable mankind topractise these sacred precepts, many of which arc contradictory tothe unregenerate will of man, (John. i. 9,) every man coming intothe world is endued with a measure of the light, grace, or goodSpirit, of Christ ; by which, as it is attended to, lie is enabled todistinguish good from evil, and to correct the disorderly passionsand corrupt propensities, of his nature, which mere reason is alto-gether insufficient to overcome. They consider as obstructions topure worship, all forms which divert the attention of the mindfrom the secret influence of this unction from the lloly One,(l John ii. 20, 27.) They meet often together, (lleb. x. 25,) intestimony of their dependence on the heavenly Father, and for arenewal of their spiritual strength : nevertheless, in worship theydo not depend for acceptance with him, on a formal repetition otthe words and experiences of others; hut they believe it to betheir duty to cease from the activity of the imagination, and towait in silence for a true sight of their condition: believing evena single sigh, (Korn. viii. 26,) arising from such a sense of their in-firmities, to be more acceptable to G oil, than any performances,which originate in the will of man. They believe the renewedassistance of the light and power of Christ to he indispensably ne-cessary for all true ministry; ami that this holy inlluence is not atour command, or to be procured by study, but is the free gift ofGod to his chosen and devoted servants. I lence they object topreaching for hire, (Malt. x. 8,) and consequently to the paymentof tithes. As male and female are one in Christ , they allow suchof the female sex as have a right qualification to exercise theirgifts in the ministry: and this liberty they esteem to be a peculiarmark of the gospel dispensation, as foretold by the prophet Joel,(Joel ii. 28. 20,) and noticed by the apostle Peter, Acts ii. H>,17.) They hold that baptism is one in nature and operation; thatnothing short of it can make living members of Christ ’s mysticalbody; and that the baptism with water, administered by"John,belonged, as the latter confesses, to an inferior and decreasing dis*pensation, (John iii. 30.) They therefore practise it not. Theybelieve that communion between Christ and his church is notmaintained bv the Lord’s Supper nor any other external perform'ance, but only by a real participation of his divine nature, (2 Pd-i. 4,) through’faiih; that this is the supper alluded to in the Reve-lation, (See Rev. iii. 20,) and that where the substance is attained,it is unnecessary to attend to the shadow. W ith respect to oath s *they abide literally by Christ ’s positive injunction, “ Swear not atall.” Wars and fightings they consider in their origin and el'/t-ds,utterly repugnant to the Gosp> 1. They inculcate submission t0die laws in all cases wherein conscience is not violated. But :> sChrist ’s kingdom is not of this world, they think the magistralought not to interfere in matters of religion; hut to maintain th 0external peace and good order of the community. They are cm'*"ful in requiring their members not to be conn-rued in illicit trade,nor in any manner to defraud (he revenue. The society, from d’first appearance, disused those names of the months and tlaV*