FUE
.512
FUG,
ties ; and are only used when a gentle degree, or a small quantityof heat is sufficient. The species which belong to this class arealcohol and different oils. Alcohol, when pure and free of water,is as convenient and manageable a fuel for producing moderate orgentle heats as can be desired. Its tlame is perfectly clean, andtree from anv kind of soot; it can easily be made to burn sloweror faster, anil to produce less or more heat, by changing the sizeor number of the wicks upon which it burns ; for as long as theseare fed with spirit, in a proper manner, they continue to yieldflame of precisely the same strength. The cotton, or other mate-rials, of which the wick is composed, is not scorched or consumedin the least, because the spirit with which it is constantly soakedis incapable of becoming hotter than 174°, Fahrenheit, which isconsiderably below the heat of boiling water. It is only the va-pour that arises from it which is hotter, and this too only in itsouter parts, that are most remote from the wick, and where onlythe combustion is going on, in consequence of communication andcontact with the air. At the same time, as the alcohol is totallyvolatile, it does not leave any fixed matter which, by being accu-mulated on the wick, might render it foul' and fill up its pores.The wick, therefore, continues to imbibe the spirit as freely, aftersome time, as it did at the first. The second kind of fuel men-tioned, peat, is so spongy that, compared with the more solid fuels,it is unfit to be employed for producing very strong heats. It istoo bulky for this : we cannot put into a furnace, at a time, a quan-tity that corresponds with tire quick consumption that must neces-sarily go on when the heat, is violent. However, when we desireto produce and keep up, by means of cheap fuel, an extremelymild gentle heat, we can hardly use any thing better than peat.Tint it is best to have it previously charred, that is, scorched, orburnt to black coal. The next fuel, in order, or the charcoal ofwood, is the chief fuel used by the chemists abroad, and has many-good properties. It kindles quickly, emits few watery or othervapours while burning, and when consumed leaves few ashes, andthose very light. They are, therefore, easily blown away, so thatthe fire continues open, or pervious to the current of air whichmust pass through it to keep it burning. This sort of fuel, too, iscapable of producing as intense a heat as can be obtained by any ;but in those violent heats it is quickly consumed, and needs to befrequently supplied. Fossil-coals charred, called cindtrs, orcoaks, have, in many respects, the same properties as charcoal of•wood ; as kindling more readily in furnaces than when they arenot charred, and not emitting watery, or other gross smoke, whilethey burn. This sort of charcoal is even greatly superior to theother in some properties. The fifth and last kind of tucl is w ood,or fossil-coals, in their crude state, which it is proper to distinguishfrom the charcoals of the same substances. The difference con-sists in their giving a copious and bright flame, when plenty of airis admitted to them, in consequence of which they must be consi-dered as fuels very different from charcoal, and adapted to differ-ent purposes. See Fi.ame. The fuel generally used for com-mon purposes in Britain is pit-coal : it is attended with considera-ble expence, which is not a little increased by the enormous wade,arising from the injudicious manner in which the fires are usuallymanaged. lienee different compositions have been proposed,among which that contrived by Count llumford more particu-larly claim, our attention. It is known by tbe name of kindling-balls, which are composed of equal parts of coal, charcoal, andclay ; the two former are reduced to a fine powder, well mixedand kneaded together with the clay moistened with water; andthen formed into balls of the size of liens eggs, which arc tho-roughly dried. These balls may be made so inflammable as in-stantly to take tire from the smallest spark, after they have beendipped in a strong solution of nitre, and then dried. With thosethree ingredients, Count llumford is of opinion, that a certainproportion of straw, cut very small, or of chaff, or even of saw-dust, may be advantageously incorporated. The excellence ofthe fuel thus prepared consists in its (economy and cleanliness;circumstances of the utmo-t importance, and which are calculatedgreatly to improve the apartment?, of the opulent.
FU F.N IIOA, a city of China , in the province of Pe-lcheli, cele-brated for its extent and the number of its inhabitants, as well asfor the beauty of its streets and triumphal arches.
FUEX-TtllEOU, or FUEN-TCI1 EOU-FOU, a city ofChina , of the first rank, in the province of Cluinsi, on the Fiien,280 miles S. AV. of Pekin.
FUEXTE GINALDO, a town of Spain, in Estremadura , 16miles N. AV. of Coria .
FUERTEVENTURA , or FORTAVENTURA, one of theCanary Islands , consisting of two peninsulas, joined by an isthmus12 miles broad.
FUESSEN, or FUSSEN, a town of Suabia , in the bishopricof Augsburg, on the Lech, 47 miles E. of Augsburg .
FUGAI-IA, in Roman antiquity, a feast supposed by some tobe the,same with the Regifugium, held on the 24th of February,in memory of the expulsion of the kings, and the abolition of mo-narchy.
FLGAM FECIT, is where it is found by inquisition that aperson fled for treason or felony; as to which it is agreed, thatwheresoever a person found guilty by such inquest, either as aprincipal or as an accessary before the fact, is found also to havelied for the same, he forfeits his goods absolutely, and the issues ofhis lands, till he is pardoned or acquitted. But wherever the in-dictment against a man is insufficient, the finding a fugam fecitwill not hurt him ; and that in all cases the particulars of thegoods found to he forfeited may be traversed. 2 Haw. 430.
FUGITIA’E, a person obliged to tly his country, or removefrom a place where he had some abode, or establishment, on ac-count of his crimes, debts, or other occasions.
Fugitive Pieces, in literature, essays, poems, or other shortcompositions, inserted in newspapers, magazines, or the like pe-riodical publications; or printed on loose sheets or half-sheets ; socalled, because easily lost and soon forgot.
Fugitive’s Goods, are the proper goods of him that flies,which after the flight lawfully found, belong to the king or lord ofthe manor. 5 Co. Rep. 109. See Felon’s Goods.
FUGUE, [from fuga, a flight,] in music, a composition eithervocal or instrumental, or both, in which one part leads off somedetermined succession of notes called the subject, which, afterbeing answered in the fifth and eighth by the other parts, is inter-spersed through the movement, and distributed amid all the partsin a desultory manner, at the pleasure of the composer ; some-times accompanied by other adventitious matter, and sometimesby itself. r l liese are the principal rules of the fugue ; of whichsome are peculiar to itself; and others common to it with whatthe French call imitation. 1. The subject proceeds from the to-nic to the dominant, or from the dominant to the tonic, in risingor descending. 2. Every fugue finds its response in the part im-mediately following that which commenced. 3. That responseought to resume the subject in tbe interval of a fourth or fifthabove or below the key, and to pursue it as exactly as the laws ofharmony will admit; proceeding from the dominant to the tonicwhen the subject is introduced from the tonic to the dominant,and moving in a contrary direction when the subject is introducedfrom the dominant to the tonic. One part may likewise resumethe same subject in the octave or unison of the preceding ; but inthat case, it is a repetition rather than a real response. 4. As theoctave is divided into two unequal parts, of which the one containsfour gradations descending from the tonic to the dominant, andthe other only three in continuing the ascent from the dominantto the tonic ; this renders it necessary to have some regard to thischange in the expression of the subject, and to make some altera-tions in the response, that we mav not quit the cords that areessential to the mode. It is a different case when the compose!'intends to alter the modulation ; for there the exactness of the re-sponse itself, when taken in a different tone, produces the alters'tiou proper for this change. 5. The fugue should be planned insuch a manner, that the response may commence before the closeof the best air, so that both the one and the other may be in pai*heard at the same time : that, by this anticipation, the subjectmay be as it were connected with itself, and that the art of thecomposer may discover itself in this concourse. It is absolutemockery, instead of a fugue, to impose upon the hearers the sam cair, merely transposed from one key to another, without any otherrestraint than an accompaniment afterwards formed at pleasure-This deserves at be-t no better name than w hat the French c 1 ' 1imitation. See Imitation. Besides these rules, which are fn 11 'damcntal, there ar<! others, which, though prescribed by tash-alone, are not less essential. Fugues, in general, render musi crr.ore noisy than agreeable ; for this reason they are most agre e 'able in the chorus. There are distinct descriptions of fugues ; tl' esimple fugue, the double fugue, and the counter fugue. TheJ Fugai®’