Fugue , Simple, contains but one subject, is the least elaboratein its construction, and the easiest in i s composition.
Fugue , Double, consists of two subjects, occasionally inter-mingled and moving together ; and the
Fugue, Counter, is that fugue in which the subjects move ina direction contrary to each other. In all the different species offugues, the parts lly, or run after each other, and hence 1 the deriva-tion of the general name fugue.
FUIRENA, in botany, a genus of the triandria monogyniaclass and order; natural order, Calamaria-. Anient imbricate,with awned scales ; calyx none ; corolla with three petal-shapedobcordate glumes, ending in a tendril. One species, F. patricu-lata, a lofty grass of Surinam and Jamaica .
FULCRUM, in mechanics, the prop or support by which alever is sustained. See Mechanics.
Fulcrum, in botany. See Botany .
FULDA, or FULDE, a late episcopal principality of Ger-many, in the Upper Rhine .
Fulda, a river which joins the \Verra at Minden ; they formthe Werer.
Fulda, o-r Fulde, the capital of the above late principality,seated on the river, 55 miles S. of Cassel.
FULGORA, in zoology, a genus of the class insectx, orderPemiptera. Head hollow, inflated, extended forward ; antenna!short, seated beneath th'e eyes, consisting of two joints, the outerone larger and globular; snout elongated, inflected, four-jointed ;legs formed for walking. There are about 25 species, almost allinhabitants of hot climates. F. Europsa, has the body green ;"rings hyaline, reticulate; front conic. This is a small insect, anddestitute of the shining quality, by which foreign species are dis-tinguished. F. lanternaria, or Peruvian lantern-tly is a very curi-ous and beautiful insect of Surinam, and other parts of South Ame-rica , which diffuses a very brilliant phosphoric splendor in thedark from its head.
FUL1CA, in ornithology, the Gallinule and Coot, a genus°f birds of the order graii.e. Generic character : bill strong,thick, and sloping to the point; upper mandible arched over ihelower at the edge, and reaching far up the forehead ; nostrils near-ly oval; front bald ; toes four, long, and furnished with broadscalloped membranes. There are twenty-five species.
F. Atra-Coot, is dhtinguished from the gallmule by pinnated""it. It inhabits Europe, Asia, and America , and is about theSlz e of a small fowl. It feeds on small fish and water-insects, is“°inmon in some parts of this country at all seasons, but in the“reeding season is seen almost always in pairs, about the bordersponds and lakes well fringed with rushes, of which it mats itself^ large nest, said to be often observed tloathig on the water. These“jrds are devoured when young by the buzzards, which infestri'eir haunts, and prevent them from that great multiplication which“right be otherwise expected. See Plate LV III.
F. Aterrima, the Greater Coot, is of a larger size than the““miiion coot, and its plumage is blacker. This species is found111 Lancashire and Scotland ; but is more plentilul on the Conti-“ent, being found in Russia and the \V. of Siberia very common ;a ‘ so at Sologne and the neighbouring parts, where they call it ju-“ e he. Its llesh is much e'ieenied.
FULIGO, iii botany, a genus of the crvptogamia fungi classar >d order. Fungus with a cellular fibrous bark : the fibres pene-initina- i M a retirulate maimer through the seminal mass...PULLER, Thomas, 1). D. a learned English historian and“ lv 'ne, horn at Alvinkle, Northamptonshire , in 1608. He studiedCambridge, anil was chosen minister of St. Brunet’s there.pl J °n the restoration, he was appointed chaplain extraordinary toCharles II. and created 1). I). His memory was so amazingly te-“"uious, that he could repeat a sermon, verbatim, ii once heL'm-fl it. He once undertook, in passing to and ironi lemple-, Ur lo the Poultry, to tell at his return every sign as it stood in or-J er > »n both sides of the way, repeating them cither backwards ormrwards: and this task he actually performed. He wrote,'1. A'story of the Holy War. 2.. The Church History of Britain, inCl?- 3. Andronit us, or the Unfortunate Politician, in 8vo. A.X ™gali sight of Palestine. 5. A History of English Worthies ;i Ul other works. lie died in August 1 Go 1. He was fond ofr'inning ; but once attempting to play oil'a joke upon a gentleman•Hoed Sparrow-hawk, he met with a retort in his own stile.'ox„ u .—no yo.
“What is the difference, said the Dr. (who was very corpultrit)between an owl and a sparrow-hawk?” “ It is, replied the other,fuller in the head, fuller in the body, and fuller all over.” '1 bushe retorted the owl upon him completely.
Fuller, a workman employed in the woollen manufactories, tomill, or scour, cloths, serges, and other stuffs, in order to renderthem more thick, compact, and durable.
Fuller’s Earth, or Terra Fullonica, in natural history,a soft, greyish, brown, dense, and heavy marie : when dry, it is ofa greyish, ash-coloured brown, in all degrees from very pale toalmost black, and it has generally something of a greenish cast: itis very hard, and firm, of a compact texture, of a rough and some-what duslv surface, that adheres slightly to the tongue: it is verysoft to the touch, not staining the hands, nor breaking easily be-tween the fingers : it has a little harshness between the teeth, andmelts freely in the mouth : thrown into the water, it makes noebullition, or hissing, hut swells gradually in bulk, and falls into afine soft powder. It makes no effervescence with aqua-fort is.The greatest quantity, and of the finest quality, is dug in the pitsat Wavedon, near Woburn in Bedfordshire . The strata in thesepits lie thus. From the surface lo the depth of six feet, there areseveral lavers of sand, all reddish, hut some lighter-coloured thanothers. Under these there is a-thin stratum of a sand-stone, whichthey break through, and then they find the fuller’s earth. A spe-cimen from Hampshire, analysed by Bergman, contained51.8 silica,
25.0 alumina,
3.3 lime,
3.7 oxydofiron,
0.7 magnesia,
15.5 water.
100.0
This earth is used by fullers to take grease out of their cloth be-fore they apply soap. It is essential to fuller’s earth that the pai-ticles of silica should be very line, otherwise they would cut (liecloth. Any clay possessed of this property may be considered asfuller’s earth ; tor if is the alumina alone which acts upon thecloth, on account of its strong affinity for greasy substances.
Fuller’s Thistle, Fuller’s Weed, or Teazle, in botany.See Dipsacus.
FULLER TON Point, a cape on the W. coast of Antigua .Lon. 61. 35. W. Lat. 17. 13. N.
FULLING, is the art of cleansing, scouring, and pressingcloths, stuffs, and stockings, to render them stronger, closer, andfirmer: it is also sometimes called milling. The fulling of cloths,.Ac. is performed by a kind of water-mill, thence called a fulling,or scouriiig-mill. Without describing the mechanism of this ma-nufacturing process, we cannot omit to remark that urine is some-times employed, as we!! as soap and fuller’s earth, to prepare the--stuffs for receiving the first impressions of the pestle. They are.first steeped in urine, then in a solution of fuller’s earth and water,,and lastly in soap, dissolved in hot water. Soap alone would fullyanswer this purpose, but it is too expensive, especially us, accord-ing to the present mode of dressing, fuller’s earth is of equal effi-cacy. Urine is certainly prejudicial, and ought entirely to beabandoned here, both on account of its disagreeable smell, and itssharp, saline properties, which frequently render the cloths dryand harsh. The scouring of cloth, however, is not the only ob-ject in fulling it; the alternate pressure communicated bv the pes-tles, or stampers, to the stuff*, occasions in its advanced 1 stages aneffect analogous to that produced upon luts in ibe operation offelting. Tiius, the fibres of wool which compose one of thethreads, whether of the warp or the woof, assume a progressivemotion, first introducing themselves among those of the contigu-ous threads, then into those which follow, so that gradually all thethreads, both of the warp and the woof, become completely felt-ed. The cloth, after having by this process become contractedand shortened in its dimensions, partakes in a great measure of thenature of felt:, hence it may be cut without being liable to unra-vel ; arid consequently there is no necessity to hem its edges.Farther, as the threads of both the warp and woof are more inti-mately combined, the web, which acquires a greater degree ofthickness, likewise forms a wanner clothing. 'The process of full-ing stockings, caps, &c. is performed in a manuoi somewhat dif-
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