G R O
64f)
G R U
ed over the surface of the metal to be etched, to prevent tlu*aquafortis from eating except in such places where this ground iscut through with the point of a needle. See Etching.
Ground, in painting, is properly understood of such parts ofthe piece, as have nothing painted on them, but retain the ori-ginal colour upon which the other colours are applied to make the Irepresentations. A building is said to serve as a good ground to afigure when the figure is painted on the building. The ground be-hind a picture in miniature, is commonly blue or crimson imitat-ing a curtain of satin or \ civet.
Ground-Angling, fishing under water without a float, onlywith a plumb of lead, or a bullet, placed about nine inches fromthe hook ; which is better, because it will roll on tire ground.This method of tisliing is most proper in cold w eather, when thelish swim very low. The morning and evening are the chiefseasons for the ground-line in fishing for trout; but if the dayprove cloudy, or the water muddy, you may lish at ground ailday.
Ground-Ivy, in botany. See Gllchoma.
Ground-Pink, in botany. See Teucrium.
GROUNDSEL. See Baccharis and Sknecio.
Ground-Tackle, a ship’s anchors, cables, &.c. and in gene-ral whatever is necessary to make her ride safe at anchor.
GROUP, \_grouppc, I'r. groppo, Ital.] in painting and sculp-ture, is an assemblage of two or more liguresof men, beasts, fruits,or the like, which have some apparent relation to each other. SeePainting.
Group Islands, or the Groups, a cluster of islands latelydiscovered in the South Sea. They lie in about S. Lat. 18. 1,’.ami \V. Lou. 1 42. 42.
GllOUTHEAD, or OP If ATI I PAD, Robert, a learnedbishop of Lincoln, born at Stow, in Lincolnshire, or Stradbrook,in Sulfolk, in the end of the 12th century. Ilis parents were sopoor, that when a boy he was obVged to do the meanest oflices,and even to beg his bread ; til! the mayor of Lincoln, struck withhis appearance and the quickness of his answers to certain ques-tion,-, took him into his family, and put him to school. Here hisardent love of learning, and admirable capacity for acquiring it,soon appeared, and procured him many patrons, who enabled Tiinito prosecute Iris studies, first at Cambridge, afterwards at Oxfoid,and at last at Paris . In these three famous seats of learning, liespent many years in the most indefatigable pursuit of knowledge,and became one of die best and most universal scholars of the age.He was master not only of the French and Latin , but also of theGreek and Hebrew languages, which was a very rare accomplish-ment in those times. Roger Bacon , who was intimately acquaint-ed with him, says, that he spent much of his time for almost fortyyears in the study of geometry, astronomy, optics, and otherbranches of mathematical learning, in all w hich he very much ex-celled. Theology was his favourite study, in which lie read lec-tures at Oxford with great applause. In the mean time, he ob-tained several preferments in the church, and was at length elect-ed and consecrated bi>hop of Lincoln, A. D. 123a. In this sta-tion he soon became very famous, l>y the purity of his manners,the popularity of his preaching, the vigour of his discipline, andthe boldness with which lira reproved the vices and opposed thearbitrary mandates of the court of Rome; of this last we shallgive one example. Pope Innocent IV. had granted to one of hisown nephews, named Frederic, who was but a child, a provisionto the til'd canon’s place in the church of Lincoln that should be-come vacant; and sent a bull to the Archbishop of Canterbury ,•and Innocent, then papal legate in England, commanding themto see the provision made effectual; which they transmitted tothe Bishop of Lincoln. But that brave and virtuous prelate boldlyrefused to obey this unreasonable mandate, and sent an answer tothe papal bull containing the following severe reproaches againsthis holiness for abusing his power : “ If we except the sins ot Lu-cifer and Antichrist, there neither is nor can be a greater crime,nor any thing more contrary to the doctrine of the gospel, or moreodious and abominable in the sight of Jesus Christ , than to ruinand destroy the souls of men, by depriving them of the spiritualaid and ministry of their pastors. 'Phis crime is committed bythose who command the benefices intended for the support of ablepastors, to be bestowed on those who are incapable of performing
the dukes of the pastoral office. It is impossible therefore that tncholy apostolic see, which received its authority from the LordJesus Christ , for edification, and not for destruction, can be guiltyof such a crime, or any thing approaching to such a crime, sohateful to God and so hurl fill to men. For this would be a mostmanifest corruption and abuse of its authority, which would for-feit all Us glory, and plunge it into the pains o! hell.” Upon read-ing this letier, his holiness became franlie with rage, and threaten-ed to make- the bishop an object of terror and astonishment to thewhole world. “ llow dare (said he) this old, deaf, doating lookdisobey my commands ? Is not his master the King of Englandmy subject, or rather my slave? Cannot lie cast him into prison,and crush him in a moment ?” Blit the cardinals brought the popsto think more calmly, and to take no notice of this letter. “ L etus not (said they) raise a tumult in the church without necessity,and precipitate that revolt and separation from us, which, weknow, must one day take place.” Remarkable words, when w*.’reflect when and by whom they were spoken ! The bishop didnot long survive this noble stand against the gross corruptions andtyranny of the church of Rome , lie fell sick at lfis castle otBugden. that same year; and sensible that his death was drawingnear, he called his clergy into his apartment, and made a long dis-course to them, to prove that the reigning pope Innocent IV . wasAntichrist. 4Vitii this exertion his strength was so much exhaust-ed, that he expired soon after, Oct.!), 12.>3. A contemporaryhistorian says, “ lie was a free and bold reprimamler of the popsand the king; an admonisher of the prelates; a corrector of themonks ; an instructor of the clergy ; a supporter of the studious; aconsurer of the incontinent ; a scourge and terror to the court ofRome; a diligent searcher of the scriptures; and a frequentpreacher to the people. At his table lie was hospitable, polite,and cheerful. In the chuicli lie was contrite, devout, and solemn ;and in performing all the duties of his office he was venerable, ac-i tive, and indefatigable.” The illustrious Roger Bacon , who has!the best opportunities of forming a (rue judgement of the extent| of his learning, by perusing his works, and by frequently convers-ing willi him, hail) given this honourable testimony in his favour.“ Robert Grouthead, bishop of Lincoln, and his friend friar Adamde Marisen, are the two most learned men in the world, and ex-cel all the rest of mankind both in divine and human knowledge-’This excellent prelate was a very voluminous writer, and composed a prodigious number of treatises on a great variety of sub-jects in philosophy and divinity, a catalogue of which is given byBale.
GRUB, in zoology, is the English name of the hoxapodeworms, produced from the eggs of beetles, &c. and which atlength are transformed into winged insects of the same specieswith their parents.
GRUBSTREET, originally the name of a street near Moor-fields in London , much inhabited by writers of small histories, dic-tionaries, and temporary poems; w’hence any mean production lScalled grubalrcet.
Xuis I-bvixs fj.iY tu h/ti, fj.fl' tO.yet mxon’Azffav.u;; Tv *fi«; otnt
GRUME, [gramas,I.-rt.] in medicine, denotes a concreted cloti of blood, milk, or other substance. Hence grmnous blood is thati which approaches to the nature of grume, and by its viscidity,
! and stagnating in the capillary vessels, produces several dis-orders. ,
GRUND, or GRUNDE, a town of Brunswick, in the Ilart- 2Forest, 12 miles S. \V. of Goslar.
GRUN1NGEN, a town of the Helvetic republic , 1 2 miles F-of Zurich .
Gruningen , atowninIIaIberslar.lt, on the Coden, la milesE. of Ilalberstadt.
GRUPPO, or TURNED SHAKE, a musical grace, definedby Playford to consist in the alternate prolation of two tones mjuxtaposition to each other, with a close on the note immediatelybeneath the lower of them.
GRUS, in antiquity, a dance performed yearly by the youngAthenians around the temple of Apollo, on the day of theDelia.
Grus, in astronomy, a southern constellation, not visible in ouflatitude. The number of stars in this constellation, according toMr. Sharp’s Catalogue, is 13.