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goods for exportation ; which they do for the great trading com-panies and merchants of London , and are answerable if the goodsreceive any damage through bad package.
PACKET, or PACKET BOAT, a vessel appointed by thegovernment to carry the mail of letters, packets, and expressesfrom one kingdom to another by sea in the most-expeditious man-ner. Thus, the packet-boats, under the direction of the post-master general of Great Britain, carry the mails from Dover toCalais, from Falmouth to Lisbon, from Harwich to Helvoetsluys,and from Parkgate to Dublin. See Post.
PACTOLUS, a river of Lydia, called Chrysorrhoas, from itsrolling down golden sand, according to Herodotus, Plutarch ,Pliny, and Strabo ; rising in mount Tmolus.
PACTYA, an ancient country of India, mentioned by Hero-dotus , which Major Rennel supposes to be the modern Pehkely.
PACY, an ancient town of France in the department of theEure and late province of Normandy ; eight miles S. by E. ofVernon.
PADAN-ARAM, in ancient geography, literally signifies theplains of Aram, or Syria; translated by the Seventy simply Me-sopotamia, or Mesopotamia of Syria ; by the Vulgate Syria.
PADANG, a sea-port and fort of Sumatra , on the W. coast, be-longing to the Dutch . Lon. 99. 46. E. Lat. 0. 50. S.
PADDOCK or PADDOC-COURSE, is a piece of groundencompassed with pales or a wall, and taken out of a park, forexhibiting races with greyhounds, for plates, wagers, or the like.
PADERBORN, a duchy of Germany in Westphalia ,one of the indemnities, having the county of Lippe on theN. and W. Hesse-Cassel and Waldee, on the S. and Munster,on the W. Its length is about 40 miles, and its breadth 30. Someparts of it yield good pasture, and feed great numbers of cattle;but it is not very fruitful in corn.
Paderborn , the capital of the above, 40 miles N. W. of Cas-sel, and 60 S. W. of Hanover. Lon. 8. 55. E. Lat. 51. 46. N.
PADOGI, a punishment used in Russia . The body of thecriminal is stripped to the waist; and then laid upon the ground;one slave holds the head of the person to be punished betweenhis knees, and another the lower part of the body ; then rods areapplied to the back till some person gives notice to desist, by cry-ing out enough! This punishment is considered in Russia merelyas a correction of the police, exercised on the soldier by militarydiscipline, by the nobility on their servants, and by persons in au-thority over all such as are under their command. After the ac-cession of Elizabeth to the throne of Russia , the punishments werereduced to two kinds, viz. the padogi and knout.
PADRON, a town of Spain, in Gallicia , on the Ulla; 12 milesS. of Compostella , and 15 S. of St. Jago. Lon. 8. 17. W. Lat.42. 40. N.
PAD3TOW, a sea-port town of England on the N. coast ofCornwall, on the Camel, near the Bristol Channel , 19 miles W.of Launceston, and 243 W. by S. of London . Lon. 4. 45. W.Lat. 50. 42. N.
PADUA, an ancient, large, and celebrated city of Italy , capitalof the l'aduano. Lon. 11. 55. E. Lat. 45. 24. N.
PADUAN, among medallists, those counterfeits of antiquemedals properly that were struck in the seventh century, by anItalian painter born at Padua ; but often used in general for allcounterfeit medals.
PADUANO, a small province of Italy , in the late territory ofVenice . It is so fertile in corn, wine, and vegetables, that Dr.Oppenhehn calls it “asecond Paradise, and the garden of Eu-rope .”
PADUS, anciently called Eridanus, a river famous for the fableof Phaeton. It rises in mount Vcsulus, in the Alpes Gottis, anddischarges itself at seven months, into the Adriatic . Nowthe Pof
Padus, in botany. See Prunus .
PiEAN, among the ancient pagans, was a song of rejoicing sungin honour of Apollo, chiefly Used on occasions of victory andtriumph. See Apollo.
PiF A N ,in the ancient poetry, a foot consisting of four syllables;of which there are four kinds, the paean primus, secundus, &c,Pa:an primus consists of one long syllable and three short ones, orthe trochaeus and pyrrhichius, as tempdribus; paean secundus con-sists of a short syllable, a long, and two short, or an iambus and a
vol. iv.— no. 108.
pyrrhichius, aspolentia; paean terlius consists of two short sylla-bles, a long, and a short one, or a pyrrhichius and a trochaeus, asiiminatus; pxan quartos consists of three short syllables and along one, or a pyrrhichius and iambus, as celeriias.
PrEDERIA, in botany, a genus of the monogvnia order, and' pentandriaclass of plants. Contorted; berry void, brittle, two-seeded ; style bifid. There are two species, climbers of the EastIndies.
PW.DEBOTA, a genus of the monogvnia order, and pentan-'driaclass of plants; natural order, ContoiTai. Berry empty, brit-tle, and dispennous ; sty le bifid. There are three species.
PjEDO-BAPTISM ; infant-baptism, or that conferred on child-ren ; from waif, infant, and ficcmi'Tfj.c;, baptism. This has beenthe subject of great controversy in the church. See Anabaptists ,Baptists , &c.
Pjedo-Baptist, one who baptises infants; or pleads for the doc-trine of infant-baptism.
PiEDOTRIBA, in antiquity, one Of the four officers in theancient Gymnasium, whose business was to teach the exercises me-chanically, without their theory.
PAEFENHOFFEN, a town of France , in the department ofthe Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace . Lon. 7. 38. E. Lat.48. 48. N.
PJEMANI, an ancient nation of Gallia Belgica, supposed tohave inhabited the W. part of the late duchy of Luxemburg .
PiEONIA, a country of Macedonia, on the banks ot the Stry-mon. Liv. xlii. c. 51.
P^eonia, Piony ; a genus of the digynia order, and poly-andria class of plants; natural order, Muitisiliquje. Calyxpentaphyllous; petals five; no styles; capsules polyspermous.There are live species, most of them hardy, herbaceous, floweryperennials, with tuberous roots, sending qp strong annualstalks. The P. officinalis was formerly celebrated in nervous dis-tempers, but the present practice pays very little regard to it.
P/ESTUM, a town of Lucania, on the Sinus Paistinus; calledPosidonia by the Greeks.
PAGAN, Blaise Francis, Count of, an eminent French ma-thematician, born at Avignon in Provence , March 3, 1604. liebecame a soldier at 14, and signalized himself in an extraordinarymanner oil many occasions, particularly in the passage of theAlps, and at the barricade of Susa. Louis XIII . made him field-marshal, and sent him envoy to Portugal in 1642. The sameyear he became entirely blind by the loss of his eye at the siege ofMontauban , having before been deprived of the sight of the otherby a disorder. Fie then turned his attention to mathematicalstudies, and wrote, 1. a Treatise on Fortifications; 2. GeometricalTheorems; 3. Theory of the Planets ; 4. Astronomical Tables;5. an Historical Relation of the River of the Amazons, 8vo. Hedied at Paris Nov. 18. 1665 ; unmarried.
Pagan. See Mythology.
PAGANALIA, certain festivals observed by the ancient Ro-mans in the month of January. They were instituted by ServiusTullus, who appointed a certain number of villages (pagi,) in eachof which an altar was to be raised for annual sacrifices to llieir tu-telar gods; at which all the inhabitants were to assist, and givepresents in money, according to their sex and age, by whichmeans the number of country people was known. The servantsupon this occasion offered cakes to Ceres and Tellus, to obtainplentiful harvests.
PAGANISM, the religious worship and discipline of pagans;or, the adoration of idois and false gods. See Idolatry, Mys-teries, Mythology, and Polytheism .
PAGE, a youth of state retained in the family of a prince orgreat personage, as an honourable servant, to attend in visits ofceremony, do messages, bear up trains, robes, Ac. and at the sametime to have a genteel education, and learn his exercises. Thepages in the king’s household are various, and have various officesassigned them, as pages of honour, pages of the presence-chamber,pages of the back stairs, &c.
PAGEANT, a triumphal car, chariot, arch, or other like pom-pous decoration, variously adorned with colours, flags, Ac. carriedabout in public shows, processions, &c.
PAGO, one of the four islands of the Quarnaro, in the gulph ofVenice , separated from the continent of Morlachia by a narrowchannel. Its ancient name is supposed to have been'Portunata,3 B K