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PA I

It extends from N. to S. over against maritime Croatia , or themountain Morlacca. it is about 50 miles long ; its breadth is un-equal. ft has a large internal salt-water-lake 15 miles long from.S. to N. into which the sea enters by a canal not above a quarter ofa mile broad in some [daces. '1'his lake is frequented by the tunnyfish. There are also two smaller lakes on the island; one nearViassch, abounding in fish; and one near Slabine. In this islandthe winter is dreadfully cold, and the summer scorching!)- hot.'I he meteors are exceedingly irregular in summer; sudden whirl-winds are frequent and heavy showers of rain : the last are hurtfulto the inhabitants of one part of the island, and favourable to thecultivation of the opposite end. They cultivate neither corn noroil, but plenty of wine, and an immense quantity of salt. Theother products are wool, honey, ami salt-fish. i

Pago, the capital of the above island.

PAGOD, or PAGODA, a name whereby the East-Indians callthe temple in which they worship their gods. 'Die best accountof these temples is contained in a paper in the Asiatic Researches,concerning the sculptures, &c. at Mavalipuram, a few miles N. ofSadras, and known to seamen by the name of the seven pagodas.The monuments which Mr. Chambers (who communicated thepaper) describes, appear, be says, to be the ruins of some greatcity decayed many centuries ago. “ They are situated close tothe sea, between Covelong and Sadras, somewhat remote fromthe high road that leads to the different European settlements.And when visited in 1776, there was still a native village adjoiningto them which retained the ancient name, and in which a number 1of bramins resided that seemed perfectly well acquainted with thesubjects of most of the sculptures to be seen there. “ Proceedingon by the foot of a hill on the side facing the sea, there is a pagodarising out of the ground of one solid stone, about 16 or !8 feethigh, which seems to have been cut upon the spot, out of a de-tached rock that has been found of a proper size for that pur-pose. The top is arched, and the style of architecture accordingto which it is formed, different from any now used in those parts.”Bevond this a numerous group of human figures in has relief, con-siderably larger than life, attract attention. They representconsiderable persons, and their exploits, many of which are nowvery indistinct through the injuries of time, assisted by the corrod-ing nature of tiie sea-air; while others, protected from that ele-ment, are as fresh as when recently finished. The hill, which isat first of easy ascent, “is in other parts rendered more so, byvery excellent steps cut out in several places, where the communi-cation would tie difficult or impracticable without them. A wind-ing stair of this sort leads to a kind of temple cut out of the solidrock, with some figure? of idols in high relief upon its walls, verywell finished, and perfectly fresh, as it faces the west, and is there-fore sheltered from the sea-air.” This temple our author conjec-tures to have been a place of worship appertaining to a palace:some remains of which still exist, and to which there is a passagefrom the temple by another flight of, steps. This finishes the ob-jects “ on that part of the upper surface of the hill, the ascent towhich is on the N. but on descending from thence, you are ledround the hill to the opposite side'in which there are steps cut fromtiie bottom to a place near the summit, where is an excavation thatseems to have been intended fora [face of worship, and contains va-rious sculptures wf Hindoo deities. The most remarkable of these is agigantic figure of Yiduiou, asleep on a kind of bed, with a hugesnake-wound about in niaiiv coils by way of pillow for his bead;'and these figures, according to the manner of this place, are all ofone piece hewn from the body of the rock.” These works, how-ever, although they are unquestionably stupendous, are, in our au-thor’s opinion, surpassed by others about a mile and a halt s, oftiie hill. “ They consist of two pagodas of about 30 feet long by20 feet wide, and about as many hi height, cut out of tile solidrock, and each consisting originally of onesingle stone. Near thesealso sta^d an elephant full as big as life, an d a lion much larger thantiie natural size, but very well executed, each hewn also out of onestone. The great rock above described is at some distance fromthe sea, perhaps 50 or 100 sards, and in that space the Hindoovillage before mentioned stood in 1776. But close to the sea arcthe remains ol a pigoda built of brick, and dedicated to Sib, tiie igreatest part of which has evidently been swallowed up by that :element; for the door of the innermost apartment, in which the iidol is placed, and before which there are always two or three 1

spacious courts surrounded with walls, is now washed by the waves,and the pillar used to discover the meridian at the time of foundingtiie pagoda is seen standing at some distance in the sea. In theneighbourhood of this building there are some detached rocks,which are washed also by the waves, on which there appearsculptures, though now much worn and defaced. And the nativesdeclared to tiie writer of this account, that the more aged peopleamong them remembered to have seen the tops of several pagodasfar out in tiie sea, which being covered with copper (probably gilt)were particularly visible at sun-rise, as their shining surface usedthen to reflect the sun’s rays, but that now that effect was no longerproduced, as tiie copper had since become incrusled with mouldand verdegrease.” from these circumstances it is probable thatdie magnificent city, of which these appear to be part of the ruins,lias been destroyed partly by an earthquake, by which the rockwas rent, and partly by a sudden inundation of the sea occasionedby this commotion of the earth. Tiie term Pagod or Pagoda isalso sometimes used for tiie idol itself.

Pagoda, or Pagod, is also tiie name of a gold and silver coin,current in several parts of the East Indies.

PAGON, or St IGNATIUS, one of the Mariryi Islands. Itis 36 miles in circumference, and 30 N. of Amalagan.

PAGOUA BAY, a bay on the E. coast of Dominica . Lon.61 . IP. W. Lat. 15. IS. N.

PAGUISA, or PAQUfSA, a country of S. America, on the-W. coast; 30miles N. ofCobija.

PAJAROS , or ISLANDS OF BIRDS, a cluster of islands o»the coast of Chili ; 24 miles N. W. of Cogilimbo hay.

PALMBOEUF, a sea-port-town of France , in (lie departmentof tiie Lower Loire, on tlie mouth of the Loire, 20 miles VV. ofNantes . Lon. 1.53. W. Lat. 47. 15. N.

PAIN, an uneasy sensation, arising from a sudden and violentsolution of continuity, or other accident in the nerves, membranes,vessels, muscles, &c. of the body. Pain, according to some, con-sists in a motion of tiie organs of sense ; and, according to others,it is an emotion of the soul occasioned by those organs. As thebrain is (lie seat of all sensation, so it includes that of pain. Jboer-liaave, and most authors on this subject, assign a stretching of tiienerves as the only immediate cause of pain : but as the nerves donot appear to consist of fibres, this cause of pain does not seem tobe well founded. Many kinds of pain are met with in medicalauthors: such as a gravitative pain ; in which there is a sense ofweight on the part affected, which is always some fleshy one, asthe liver, &c. A pulsative pain ; which, Galen says, always suc-ceeds some remarkable inflammation in tiie containing parts, andis observed in abscesses while suppurating. A tensive pain,.whichis also called a distending pain : it is excited by the distension of'some nervous, muscular, or membranous part, either from somehumour, or from flatulence. An acute pain is, when great pain isattended with quick and lively sensations: u dull pain is, when Asense of numbness is as much complained of as the pain is. Themediate and more remote causes of pain are generally obvious ;and when so, the cure will consist for tiie most part in removingthem: for though in many instances tiie chief complaint is verydistant from the seat ol these causes, yet their removal is the pro-per method of relief. See Medicine. Perhaps all pains may lieincluded, with irritation, in those that have spasm or inflammationfor their source. When pain is owing to inflammation, the pulseis quicker than in a natural state ; it is also generally full, hard,and tense; the pain is equal, throbbing, and unremitting. If aspasm is the cause, ihe pulse is rarely allected ; at intervals tliepain abates, and then returns with some degree of agitation ; gen-tle motion sometimes abates, or even cures, in some instances:but in inflammatory cases no such effects are ever experienced.See Dr. Lobb’s Treatise on Painful Distempers. The pain sofrequently attendant on women in child-bed, called after-pains(from their happening only after being delivered of a child,) areoften occasioned by scooping to fetch away coagulated blood,which is a needless endeavour. When no improper treatment indelivering Hie secundines can be suspected, tiie irritability of theuterus alone is to be considered as the cause. Care should iietaken not to confound these after-pains with, or mistake the painsattending puerperal fevefs for, the colic. After-pains come by.tits, and soon gooff; but return at different intervals, which are.longer each.day, and after two or three days are usually at an end,

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