lit) 1)

504

HU I

gravity, according to Bergman, is from 3,180 to 4,2-40: but Bris-son tells us that it is 4,2S3. The specific gravity of the spinell is3,760, of the Brasilian ruby 3,531. Rubies are met with in theCnpelan mountains of Pegu, in the East Indies; and at Caos, Ava,Bisnagar, Calicut, Cananor; Ceylon, and Brasil . They are foundin sands of rivers of a red colour, in an argillaceous earth of a hardtexture and greenish colour; sometimes they adhere to red rocks.The spineil-rubies are met with in Hungary, Silesia, Bohemia , andBrasil. The balass comes principally from Brasil , though some arealso brought from the East Indies. The rubicell comes also fromBrasil, but thev are said to lose their colour in the (ire. See Co-rundum , Topaz, & c.

Ruby, in heraldry, denotes the red colour wherewith the armsof noblemen are blazoned ; being the same which in the arms ofothers, not noble, is called gules.

RUDBECKIA, Dwarf Sun-flower ; in botany, a genus ofthe syugenesia-polygamia frttstranea class of plants, the compoundflower of which is radiated; but the hermaphrodite corollula: oftliedisc are tuhulose and very numerous: the stamina are live veryshort capillary filaments ; and there is a small orbiculated seedafter each of the hermaphrodite corollulx, and are all containedin the cup, affixed to a paleaceous receptacle. There are sevenspecies.

RUDDER , in navigation, a piece of timber turning on hingesin the stern of tlie ship, and which, opposing sometimes one sideto tiie water, and sometimes another, turns or directs the vesseltliis way or that. See Ship-building. The rudder of a ship ist piece of timber hung on the stern-posts by four or live iron-hooks,called pintles, serving for tiie bridle of a ship to turn her about atthe pleasure of the steersman. The rudder being perpendicular,and withoulsjde of the slop, another piece of timber is fitted to it.at right angles, which comes into the ship, by which tiie rudder ismanaged and directed. This latter properly is called the helm ortiller; and sometimes, though improperly, the rudder itself. Thepower of the rudder is reducible to that of the lever. As to theangle the rudder should make with the keel, it is shewn, that inthe working of ships, in order to stay or bear up the soonest pos-sible, the tiller of the rudder ought to make an angle of 55° withthe keel. A narrow rudder is best for a ship’s sailing, providedshe can feel it; that is, he turned or guided by it: for a broad rud-der wiM hold much water when the helm is put over to any side;but it a ship lias a fat quarter, so that the water cannot come quickand strong to her rudder, she will require a broad rudder. Theaft-most part of the rudder is called the rake of the rudder.

RUDDIMAN, Thomas, M. A. one of the most eminentgrammarians which Scotland has produced, was horn in OctoberIC74, at Rangel, in the county of Banff . Dr, Pitcairne invitedhim to Edinburgh , and he became assistant-keeper of the advo-cates library. li is salary for executing this laborious office wasft/. 6s. 8 d. He had besides a small honorary present from thosewho were admitted advocates, for correcting their theses : he wasalso paid for copying M.SS. for the use of the library. And thefaculty, before he had held the office two years, were so highlypleased with his conduct, that they made him a present of 50 1.Scots, or 41. 3s. 4 d. sterling. During the sitting of the court ofsession he attended the library from 10 till 3 ; and a part of histime was occupied in teaching yotmg gentlemen Latin . WhenRmldiman’s merit became better known, his assistance was anxi-ously solicited by those engaged in literary publications. In 1713,Dr. Pitcairne died, when he testified all the respect which friend-ship could inspire to the memory of his deceased patron. Hecomposed Pitcnirne’s epitaph, and conducted the sale of his library,wife h was disposed of to Peter the Great . In 1714, he publishedthe Rudiments of the Latin Tongue : 18 or 19 Latin grammars,composed by Scotsmen, had appeared before this period ; yetsuch is the intrinsic value of this treatise, that it soon supersededall o her hooks on the subject, and is still taught in all the gram-mar-schools in Scotland . It has also been translated into otherlanguages. He was next called upon to publish the works ofBuchanan. The value of these he enhanced much bv an elaboratepreface, his “ Tabula Regum Scotia: Chronologica,' 1 and" Pro-priorum Nominum Interpretatio.” In 1725, the first part of his" Grammatical Latina: lustitutiones,” (on etymology,) was pub-lished. The 2d part (on syntax,) appeared in 1731. He wrote a3rd part on orthography, and a 4th part on prosody, which is saidto he more copious ami correct than any other publication on the

subject. When urged to give it to the public, he said dryly,“ The age has so little taste, the sale would not pay the expense.”Of this work he published an abridgment, containing an abstractof all the four parts, which has gone through many editions for theuse of schools. In 1739, he published “ Selectus Diplomatum etNumismatum Scotia: Thesaurus.” This work was projected andbegun by Anderson, (hence called “ Anderson’s Diplomata,”)but was finished by Ruddiman. The preface, which is an excel-lent commentary on Anderson’s performance, was written byRudcHman, and displays a greater extent ot knowledge than anyof his other productions. When Ruddiman had arrived at his80th year, and was almost blind, he was assailed by James Man,master of an hospital at Aberdeen, with a degree of rancour andvirulence, united with learning and ability, which must havetouched him sensibly. He was called a finished pedant, a furiouscalumniator, and a corrupter of Buchanan’s works. The venera-ble old man again entered the lists, and gained a complete victory.Man, with all his acuteness, could only point out 20 errors in twofolio volumes. Some of these were typographical, some trifling,and some doubtful. Ruddiman, with much pleasantry, drew upagainst Man an account of 469 errors, consisting of 14 articles, ofwinch two or three may be produced as a specimen. I. Falsehoodsand prevarications, 20. 2. Absurdities, 69. 3. Passages from

classic authors misunderstood by Man, 10. The triumph gainedover this virulent adversary he did not long enjoy ; for he died atEdinburgh on the 19th Jan. 1757, in his 83(1 year.

RUDENTURE, [French, ] in architecture, the figure of arope or staff, sometimes plain, and sometimes carved, wherewiththe flu tings of columns are frequently filled up.

RUDESIIEIM, a town in thy department of the Rhine andMoselle, and late electorate of Mentz, 3 miles from Bingen. Lon.7. 56. E. Lat. 49. 49- N.

RUDIARIUS, in antiquity, a veteran gladiator who had got adischarge from the service. Bee Gladiator.

RUDIMENTS, [ rudimenta , Lat.] the first principles orgrounds of any art or science, called also the elements thereof. SeeElement.

RUDIS, a knotty rugged stick, which the prxtor among the- Romans gave the gladiators as a mark of their freedom and dri-mission.

RUDOLFWERD, a strong town of Germany , 45 miles S. E.of Lawbacb. Lon. 15.20. E. Lat. 46. 8. N.

RUDOLPIUNE 'FABLES, a set of astronomical tables thatwere published by the celebrated Kepler, and so called from theemperor Rudolph , or Rudolphus.

RUE, in botany. See Rut a.

RUELLIA, in botany, a genus of the angiospennia order, anddidynamia class of plants; natural order, Personals. Calyx five-parted ; corolla subeampanulate ; stamens approximating by pairs;capsule opening by elastic teeth. There are forty-three species.Swartz observes, that the Rucllix are very nearly allied to the Jus-ticiar in their natural order, flowers, fruit, and habit.

RUFFAC, a town of France , in the department of the UpperRhine, and late province of Alsace, 7 miles S. of Colmar .

RUFFING, or RUFFLING, a beat on (he drum. Lieute-nant-generals have three rutiles, major-generals two, brigadiersone, and governors one, as they pass by the regiment, guard, &c.

RUGBY, a large town of Warwickshire , 11 miles S. E. ofCoventry, and 85 N. N. W. of London . Lon. 1. 12. W. Lat.52. 24. N.

RUGKN, an island in the Baltic sea, on the coast of Pomerania ,over against Struts and, about 23 miles long and 15 broad, it isstrong both by art and nature, abounds in corn and cattle, and be-longs to Sweden. The chief town is Bergen . Lon. 14. 30. E.Lat. 54. 32. N.

RUG EN WALD, a town of Germany, in Pomerania , Smilesfrom the Baltic , and 35 N. E. of Golberg. Lon. 16. 27. E. Lat.54. 35. N.

RUGLEY, a town of England, in Staffordshire , on the Trent.

6 miles N. W. of Lichfield , and 126 N. \V. of London. Lon.

1. 48. W. Lat. 52. 57. N.

RUINS, a term particularly used for magnificent buildingsfallen into decay by length ot time, and whereof there only ie-mains a confused heap ot materials. Such are the ruins of thetower of Babel, ot the tower of Behts, two days journey from Bag-dat in Syria, on the banks of the Euphrates ; which are now no9 more