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Poland, Sweden, and Turkey. Tine products of Russia , exportedinto the different European kingdoms, consist chiefly in hemp, flax,different kinds of grain, tallow, hides,sail-cloth, iron, timber, lin-seed, butter, hbmp-oii, train-oil, wax, potasses', tar, tobacco,bristles, linens, peltry, and other goods, the greatest part of whichis_ exported chiefly l?v way of St. Pet'ersluirgh, Riga, and Arch-angel ; and in return from the European kingdoms they receivewoollen-cloths, different kinds of goods made of worsted, silk, cot-ton, and thread ; wines and beer, white and moist sugars, silks,cotton unwrought, and yarn ; Erench brandy, liquors, arrack,shrub, different iron-tools, and toys ; gold and silver in bars, inforeign money, and in other things; brilliants, pearls, galanteriegoods, coffee, colours ; peltry, vife. beaver and other skins; her-rings, stock-fish, salt, tobacco, different frees, oil, horses, china andearthen-ware, &c. The government of Russia is the most abso-lute despotism. The whole empire is ruled by the arbitrary will andpleasure of the sovereign, who i^ styled the czar or tzar, a titlewhich is a corruption of Csfcsar. Hereupon he was styled'granddhke of MuScovy; but since the reign of Peter he is dignifiedwith the ap|>eflation of emperor of all Russia . The emperor is Ab-solute lord, not only of all the estates in the empire, but also of thethe lives of his subjects; the greatest noblemen call themselves his.slaves, and execute his commands With (lie most implicit obedience.
Russia, Little, or Russia, Red, a late province of Poland ,seized by the emperor Joseph II. and included in his province of-Galicia .
RUST, the calx of any metal, procured by corroding and dis-solving its superficial parts by some menstruum. The term oxideis now employed instead of rust, See Oxide.
RUSTIC, iii architecture, implies a manner of building ih imi-tation of nature, rather than according to the rtilbs of art. SeeArchitecture.
Rustic Gods, [dii rustici, Lat.] in antiquity, were the gods ofthe country, or those who presided over agriculture, &c. Varroinvokes the twelve dii consenteS, as the principal among the rusticgods; viz. Jupiter, Tellus, the Sun, Moon , Ceres, Bacchus, Ru-bigus, Flora, Minerva, Venus, Lympha, and Fortune or GoodLSek.
Rustic Order, that decorated with rustic quoins, rusticwork, See.
Rustic Work, is where the stones in the face, &c. of a build-ing, instead of being smooth, are hatched, or picked with the pointof a hammer.
.RUTA, Rue ; in botany, a genus of die monogynia order, anddecandria class of plants; natural order, Multisiliquai. Calyxfive-parted ; petals concave; receptacle surrounded by ten honey-dots; capsule lobed. There are seven species.
RUTHERFORD, John, M. D. one of the illustrious foundersof the Medical School in the University of Edinburgh , was theson of the rev. Mr. Rutherford minister of Yarrow , in Selkirkshire.He was born Aug. M, l6y5, and after his father’s death he went toEdinburgh in J 70S, or 1710, where lie studied the classics, mathe-matics, and natural philosophy, at die Universjty. lie next en-gaged himself as »n apprentice to Mr. Alexander Nisbet , an emi-nent surgeon in Edinburgh , wi*h whom he continued till 1716,when he went to London ; where lie attended the lectures onanatomy, by Dr. Douglas, on surgery by Andrd, and on materiamedically Strother; besides attending several hospitals. In 1721,he settled as a physician in Edinburgh ; and soon afterwards joinedwith Drs;'Sinclair, Plummer, and i lines, in purchasing a labo-ratory, for the preparation of compound medicines. The lectureson the institutes and practice of physic were then, and for litanyyears afterwards, delivered in Latin , and stub was Dr. Rutherford'scommand of that language, that oil every thing connected withmedicine, he talked in it more fluently than in English . About1748, he introduced a great improvement in medical education.Sensible that abstract lectures on the symptoms and the mode oftreating various diseases, ot which the students know little but thenames, could scarcely be of any benefit, In- had for some time encou-raged his pupils to bring patients to him on .Saturday, when he en-quired into the nature ot their diseases, ai d prescribed for lhem in I hepresence of the tlass. This'gave i »*•«• to (he course of clinical lec-tures ; the utility of which was so obvieii-, that it was enacted, bya-dneree oi the senate of the univer ay, that no niian should be ad-mitted to an examination for his degree, who had not attended
those lectures; to which an excellent hospital, then newly .erected,,gave the professors every opportunity of doing ample justice. Dr.Rutherford died in Edinburgh , in 1770 where he had spent greatpart of Is is l ife, aged 84.
RutheREord, a county of N. Carolina , in Morgan district ;bounded on the E. by Lincoln county, S. by $. Carolina, W. byIhincomb, and N. by Burke county.
Rutjiereord Town, or Rutherfordtown, a capital of theabove countv.
RUTH ERGLEN, or RUGLEN, a royal borough of Scotland ,in Lanarkshire. It is two miles S. E. of Glasgow , and nine \V.of Hamilton, Lon. 4. 13. W. Lai. 53, 51. N.
R UTHiN, a town of North Wales , in Denbighshire, 15 milesS. W. of liollywell, and 206 N. \Y, of London . Lon, 3. 30. W.Lat. 53. 7. N.
RUTILE, in mineralogy, a species of the Menaciiine genus, ofa dark blood red colour, of various degrees of intensity passing toa brownish red. It occurs crystallized, and the crystals are longi-tudinally streaked ; externally it is shining and glistening ; inter-nally its principal fracture is splendent; specific gravity about 4.2.Without addition it is infusible before the blow-pipe ; with boraxor alkali it affords a hyacinth transparent glass. It is found to be apure oxide of menachine, with a slight portion of silica.
KUTLAM, a town of Hindustan Proper, in the province ofMahva; 48 miles W. of Ongein. Lon. 74. 48. E. Lat. S3.
25. 'N.
RUTLAND, a bounty of the United States, in Vermont ,bounded on the N. by Addison, E. by Windsor, and S. by Ben-nington counties; and W. by the State of New York .
Rutland, a post-town, capital of the above county, 45 milesW r . by N. oi Windsor.
Rutland, or Rutlandshire , the smallest county of England,being only forty miles in circumference. The climate is good,and the soil f»rtile, affording plenty of coni, and feeding a greatnumber of horned cattle and sheep.'
RUTTUNPOUR, a city of Hindustan, inOriza; the capitalof one of the Western Manratta chiefs. Lou. 82. 3d. E. Lat.22. 16. N.
RUTUBA, in ancient geography, two rivers of Italy : 1. inLiguria , rising in the Apennim; mountains, and running into theMediterranean; 2. in Latium, failing into the Tiber .
RUTULI, an ancient people of Latium, over whom Turnus reigned, when /Eneas arrived in Italy . Their capital was
Ardea.
RUTULITE, a mineral found in Norway , of a yellowishcolour; it occurs massive, disseminated, ami crystallized; crystalssmall; specific gravity 3.5. It experiences little change beforetile blow-pipe, without addition, but with borax it forms a yellowish-green transparent bead; a specimen from Norway was foundto consist of
Oxide of menhcliine. 58
Calcareous earth. 20
100
RUVO, a populous town of Naples, in Bari, 16 miles W.of Bari, anciently called Rubi. Lon, 16. 44. E. Lat. 41-
26. N.
RUYSCIIIA, in botany, a genus of the pentawlria monogyniaclass and order. Calyx five-leaved ; corolla five-pctaled, re-flexed ; style none ; berry many-seeded. There are two species,viz. R. clusixfolia, and R. surubea.
RUZA, a town of Russia, in Moscow , 48 miles W r . N. W. ofMoscow . Lon. 36. 2. E. Lat. 55. 46. N.
RYACOTTA, a town of Hindostan, in Mvsore, 75 miles S. ofSeringapatam . Lon. 76. 45. E. Lat. 30. 15. N.
RYAN 1 A, in botany, a genus of (lie polyandria mnnogyiii*class and order. Calyx five-leaved, permanent, coloured; corollanone; stigmas four;" berry suberous, one-celled, many-seeded.There is only one species, viz. R. speciosa, a native of the Isle ofTrinidad. ,
RYDROOG, a town and fortress of Himloostan, in the MV*sore, 123 miles N, of Seringapatam . Lon. 76. 52. E. Lat. I 4 -