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Saone and Loire, a department of France , comprehendingpart of the late province of Burgundy. Mac.on is the capital.

Saone, Upter, a department of France , comprehending partof the late province of the Isle of France . The capital is Veaoul.

SAP. See Plants.

Sap, in sieges, a trench, or an approach made under cover offen or twelve feet broad, when the besiegers come near the place,and the fire from the garrison grows so dangerous that they are notable to approach uncovered. There are several sorts of saps; thesingle, which has only a single parapet; the double, having one oneach side; and the flying, made with gabions, &c. In all sapstraverses are left to cover tiie men.

SAPAGENUM, a gum-resin, supposed to he had from theferula Persica, and brought in large masses, or distinct tears, fromAlexandria. It has a hot taste and disagreeable smell. It is mo-derately soluble in alcohol, but much more so in water. By dis-tillation it yields a foetid volatile oil.

SAPA'IA, or SAPATO , Polo, an island in the E. IndianOcean. It is high and barren, and resembles a shoe in form.Lon. 10!). 10. E. Lat. 10. 4. N.

SAPELLO, an island in the Atlantic, near the W. coast ofGeorgia, 20 miles in circumference. Lon. SI. 30. W. Lat. 31.23. N.

SAPILEI. See Sapzei.

SAPILENA, [from Arabic ; Gr. i. c. easy to be

seen,] in anatomy, the crural vein which goes down under the skinof the '.high and leg, and turns toward the upper part of the foot,where it sends fori Si several branches.

SAPHETA, in architecture, the board over the top of a win-dow, placed parallel and opposite to the window-board at bottom.

SAPI11ES, a kind of charms, consisting of some scrap of writ-Wg, which the negroes believe capable of protecting them from all'e.vil. The writers of saplues are generally Moors, who sell scrapspf the Koran for this purpose to a people who believe neither theKoran nor the prophet. Accordingly, any piece of writing mayBe sold as a saphie; and Mr. Park found the negroes disposed toplace greater confidence in the saphies of a Christian than in thoseof a Moor.

SAPIENZA, three islands and a cape of European Turkey ,near the S. coast of the Morea, opposite Modon.

8APINDUS, the Soap-beury-Tkee ; in botany, a genus ofthe digynia order, and octaudria class of plants; natural order,Trihilatae. Calyx four-leaved; petals four; capsules corneous’waliled, ventricose. There are thirteen species. The S. sapona-hus is delineated in Plate CXXIX.

SAPON ARIA, Sopewort ; in botany, a genus of the digynia°rder, and decandria ilass of plants; natural order, Carvophy Ilea-.Ualyx one-leafed, naked; petals five, clawed; capsule oblong,O'le-celled. There are nine species. S. officinalis, a British plant,'as a creeping root, so that in a short time it would fill a largePace of ground. The stalks are above two feet high, and of aPurplish colour. The foot-stalks of the flowers arise from thel * ie * eaves opposite; they sustain four, five, or more, pur-P e flowers each, which have generally two small leaves placed1 ^ er them, 1

jAjjGR, Taste. See Anatomy, and Taste .mil a town of Russia , in the province of Riazar., 6S

SAPP 0f ?' !azan - L° n - 55 - E - Lat - 54 - 5 - N -

l>usii 1 . ERS, are soldiers belonging to the royal artillery, whose.harv' e / S 11 ' S *° w01 'k at the saps, for which they have an extraordi-divf d '.?y- A Brigade ot sappers generally consists of eight men,a( 'van • tc l lla dy into two parties; and whilst one of these parties isothp r C1 P" the sap, the other is furnishing the gabions, fascines, and

SA& ar >' " lm pl6monts. They relieve each other alternately,ancient !C ancl A DONIAN, or ADONIC VERSE, in thethe or>(.] >0et, ‘'’ a Beautiful kind of verse, so named from'Sappho ,vp rses ' ess t . a,K ' Adonis, the favourite of Venus. The Sapphicch^. ?’ 1S,Sted -‘ve feet each; of which the first was a tro-last tro’ch^t a s P on dsus; the third a dactylus; and the two

^actvins l ^ he Adonian consisted of five syllables, forming aBand,,,.. am a spondxus. Each stanza consisted of three lines

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SAPPHIRE , a genus of precious stones, of a blue colour, antithe hardest of all except the rubv and diamond. 8ec Corundum.It is infusible without addition before the blow-pipe, hut with bo-rax it melts with effervescence. Sapphire and oriental ruby are,next to the diamond, the most valuable of precious stones, and areused in the finest kind of jewellery- The oriental ruby differsfrom the sapphire in its colour: it is also softer, and of less specificgravity. In its geognostic character, it differs also from the ruby,as it occurs sometimes imbedded in corundum, which is an inmateof primitive mountains, while sapphire appears to be a productionof a later period. The violet-coloured sapphire is the orientalamethyst: the yellow, the oriental chrysolite and topaz ; and thegreen, the oriental emerald.

SAPPHO, a famous poetess of antiquity, who, for her excel-lence in her art, has been called the tenth Muse, was born at Mi-tylene, in the isle of Lesbos , about B. C. 610. She was contem-porary with Stesichorus and Alca-us. The last was her country-man, and some think her suitor. A verse of this poet, in whichhe insinuates to her his passion, is preserved in Aristotle , Rhet.lib. i cap. 9, together with the fair damsel’s answer. M. laFevre observes, that Sappho was not in her usual good humourwhen she gave a cold answer to a request, for which, at anothertime, perhaps she would not have waited.

SAQUEM, or SUAQUEM, an island in the Red Sea , nearthe coast of Nubia, belonging to the 'Burks, and is governed by apacha.

Saquem, a sea-port-town in the above island, anciently calledTheon Soter. Lon. 72. 43. E. Lat. 19. 20. N.

SARABAND, a musical composition in the triple time, themotions of which are slow and serious. See Music. Sarabandis also a dance to the same measure, which usually terminateswhen the hand that beats the time falls; and is otherwise much thesame as the minuet.

SARACA, in botany, a genus of the hexandria order, and dia-deiphia class ot plants. Calyx none; corolla funnel-form, four-cleft ; filaments, three on each side the throat; legume pedicelled.There is but one species, viz. S. Indica, a native of the EastIndies.

SARACENS, the inhabitants of Arabia ; so called from theword sara, which signifies a desert, as the greatest part of Arabia is; and this being the country of Mohammed, his disciples werecalled Saracens. See Arabia, Barbary, Egypt , &c- See alsoMohammed, and Mohammedans.

SARACOLETS, a negro nation, occupying the lands situatedbetween the Senegal and tne Gambia .

SARAGOSSA, a city of Spain in Arragon , 97 miles W. by N.of Tarragona, 137 W. of Barcelona, and 130 of Madrid . Lon. 0.,48. N. Lat. 41; 47. N.

SAR-ALBE, a town of France, in the department of the Mo-selle, near the Sarre , 24 miles E. N. E. of Metz, and 60 N. W.of Strasbuvg.

SARAMON, a town of France, in the department of Gers ; 15miles E. of Mirande , and 25 S. of Lectoure.

SARANGPOUR, a town of Thibet , 140 miles N. E. of Sirina-gur, and 266 N. N. E. of Delhi . Lon. 80. 28. E. Lat. 32. 25. N.

SARANSK, a town of Russia, in the government of Penza , 43miles N. of Penza. Lon. 45. 25. E. Lat. 54. 15. N.

SARATOGA, a county of New York , bounded on the N.and E. by the 'Hudson, which separatee it from Renssellaer andWashington counties. It is 43 miles h ng from N. to S. and 23from E. to W. It is divided into eight lowiisE" 1 '.

Saratoga, a town of New York , in the abovccounty, on theW. bank of the Hudson; 25 miles above Lhnriiiburg, a:id36 N.of Albany , near some mineral-springs.

SARATOV, or SARATOF, a town of Russia , capital of Sara-tovskoi, 220 miles'S. of Kasan, 300 N. W. of Astracan , 392 S- E.of Moscow , and 732 S. E. of Petersburg.

Saratov, or Sakatovskoi, a government of Russia , formerlya province of Astracan ; bounded on theN. by those of Tambov-skoi, Penzenskoi, and Simbirsk ; on the E. by Uphinskoe, andCaucasus; on the S. by Caucasus, and the country of the’Cos-sacs ; and on the W. by Tambovskoi, and Veronezskoi. Its formis an irregular triangle.

SARAZZANO, a lake of Etruria , 16 miles from Sienna. Itswaters abound with the boracic acid, and borax has been found inthem, in a concrete state,

6 S SARBOURG,