SCR

541

SCR

burgh, or Teviotdale, Selkirk, Stirling , Sutherland,ami Wigton, or Upper Galloway. See these articles in theirorder. Scotland affords a great variety of soil in different parts of. file country, which, being hilly, is in general well adapted to pas-turage; but the Lowlands are as fertile, and, when properly in-closed and manured, yield as.good crops of wheat as any groundsin the island of Great Britain. Indeed many parts of this kingdomrival the best spots of England in agriculture: but these improve-ments'have not yet advanced into tile western and northern extre-mities of the island, where'we see. nothing but scanty harvests ofoats, rye, and barley. The Highlands are so defective even inthese, that it is necessary to impart supplies of oatmeal from Ire-land and Liverpool. 1 his scarcity, however, we must not imputeto the barrenness of the soil, so much as to.lhe sloth and povertyof the tenants, oppressed by rapacious landlords, who refuse togrant such leases as would encourage the husbandman to improveiiis farm.and make himself belter acquainted with the science ofagriculture. Among the trees and shrubs which are the nationalgrowth of this country, we may reckon the oak, the fir, the birch,the poplar, the alder, willow, elder, hazle, mountain-ash, crab-tree, and juniper; which last abounds to such a degree in someparts of the Highlands, that, in the space of a few miles, manytons of the berries might be yearly gathered : besides these, wefind the hawthorn, the sloe, the dog-rose, furze, broom, fern, andwhole tracts of land and mountains covered with strong heath.The first and great division of Scotland is into the Highlands andLowlands. .The former engross more than one-half of Scotland ;extending from Dunbartonshire to the. most northern part of theisland, a space of 200 miles in length, and in breadth from 50 to100. This tract, however, includes several extensive districts oflow fruitful ground, inhabited by people who are, in all respects,different from the mountaineers. Nothing can be more wild andtremendous to the eye of a stranger, than the appearance of theHighlands, composed of blue rocks and dusky mountains heapedUpon one another even above the clouds, their interstices renderedimpassable by bogs, their sides embrowned with heath, and theirsummits covered with snow, which lies all the year unthawed,pouring from their jagged sides a thousand torrents and roaring ca-taracts that fall, into gloomy vales or glens below, some of them sonarrow, deep, and dismal, as to be altogether impenetrable by therays of the sun; yet these mountains are in some places,slopedinto agreeable green bills fit for pasture, and skirted or interspersedwith pleasant straths or valleys capable of cultivation. Someauthors have divided Scotland into that part which lies to thesouthward of'the frith, and that which lies to the northward; butthe proper division is into shires or counties, stewartries or baili-wicks. The principal cities of Scotland are Edinburgh , (he mehropolis of the kingdom, Glasgow, Perth, Aberdeen, and Dundee .Lhese, and most or all of the other towns and villages in the king-dom, are described in their order. See Aberbrothwick, As-. *>Rews, St. &c.

, SCOTT, John, D. D. a clergyman of the church of England ,“Orq in 1638, died 1694. He refused the Bishopric of Chester,ecause he could not conscientiously take the oaths. The mostcelebrated of his works is entitled “The Christian Life,” a bookVc ['y i g ener ally read in the religious world.

SCOTOMIA, [o-xoTWfia,] in medicine, a vertigo accompanied«h dimness of sight, frequently the fore-runner of an apoplexy.> hCOTS HEAD, a cape at the S. extremity of Dominica .qpf 1 - 24 - W. Lat. 15. 20. N.,

oCOUTS, are generally horsemen sent out before, and on the_^ n 8 s > of an army, at the distance of a mile or two, to discover theand eivethe general an account of what they see.j '-■KAPER,an instrument used in mezzotinto engraving, formedj Uc h in the manner of a knife, except that the edge is straight tillhn r r P°' n *> ai) d there slopes off ai an angle from both sides, thebuMl wb ' cb s '°P es meeting form another angle at the point;

o' 1 !; slope on one side is much longer than that of the other.an{ j . ‘LED, with plasterers, is the floated work behind a cornice,br acka° n,y necessar y when a cornice is to be executed without

or SCRUE, [ cochlea , Lat.] one of the five rnecha--faces * low,ers- A screw is.a cylinder cut into several concave sur-h)sr on°| l lal ^ e . 1 ’ a channel or groove made in a cylinder, by carry-wo spiral planes the whole length of the screw, in such a• v °l, iv.—NO. 193.

manner, that they may be always equally inclined to the axis ofihe cylinder in their whole progress, and also always inclined tothe base of it in the same angle. See M echanics. The screwmay also be considered as a wedge carried round a cylinder,which, in that case, is called the arbor of the screw ; the wedge,so carried on, making what is called the thread of the screw, asmay be seen in Plate CLV. fig. 9, 10, and 11, The arbor of thescrew being AB in fig. 9. and acbd in fig. 10, as if the cylinderACBD was inscribed within the screw. Here, we may see themanner how a screw is made ; for if it be cut out of the cylinderPH1Q, then HKLMNOP is a spiral line going about the cylin-der, making the prominent part to be left of the said cylinder;and hklmno, the line marking the depth to which the screw is tohe cut, supposing the same line to go round the inner cylinder orarbor ABCD, though not expressed here, to.avoid confusion;and then /(LfN?(, &c. will represent the prominent part or threadof the screw. Now, if instead of cutting the hollows H/tL, L/N,NnP, &c. into the cylinder PH1Q, a continued wedge be fixedto a smaller cylinder, as ACBD, or rather acbd, the same kind ofscrew will be made, and abed will be the arbor of that screw.Sometimes the most prominent part of the thread, as LN, &c. isnot sharp but flat, and then the thread is called a square thread, asin fig. 11, which represents the section of such a screw. This sortof thread is not used in wood, but in iron, and in other metals; itis of good service, being commonly more durable, and raising theweight with more ease than the sharp thread. The four-threadedscrew may be thus constructed. Make a parallelogram of paperequal in length to the cylinder which is to be screwed, and equalin breadth to the circumference of that cylinder ; divide that sidewhich is equal to the circumference of the cylinder into eightequal parts, or twice the number of threads. Divide the otherside into as many parts as the distance between two threads willrun over, then join the points as in fig: 12. To construct a left-handed screw, make the parallels to the right instead of the left,..as-expressed by fig. 13.

Screw, Archimedes ’. See Hydrostatics.

Screw , Endless, or Prrpetual, one so fitted in a compoundmachine as to turn a denied wheel; so called, because it may beturned for ever without coming to an end. If in the endless orperpetual screw, AB, (fig. 14,) whose threads take the teeth of the •wheel CD, you take the distance of two threads, according to thelength of the axis AB ; or the distance of two teeth in the wheelCD, in the direction of the circumference ; and if a weight W, actat the circumference of the wheel: then, if the power D, be tothe weight W, as that distance of the teetli or threads, to thelength described by the power P, in one revolution, the powerand weight will be in equilibrio; because in one revolution of P,the wheel DC, with the weight W, has moved only the distanceof one tooth.

SCRIBE , [Heb, i6D sopher, - ] is very common in scripture,and has several significations. It signifies, 1. a clerk, Writer, orsecretary. This was a very considerable employment in the courtof the kings of Judah, in which the scripture often mentions thesecretaries as the first officers of the crown. Seraiah, Slievah, andShemaiah, were scribes or secretaries to king David ; 2 Sam. viii. .17: and xx. 25. Elihoreph and Ahiah were secretaries to Solo-mon, 1 Kings, iv. 4. Shebna under Hezekiah , 2 Kings xiec. 2.And Shaphan under Josiah; 2 Kings xxii.-8. As there were butfew in those times that could write well, the employment ofascribe or'writer was very considerable. 2. Scribe is used for acommissary or muster-master of an army, who makes the reviewof the troops, keeps the list or roll, and calls them oyer.' In ther.eign of Uzziah , king.of Judah, Jcil the scribe hgd under his handthe king’s armies, 2 Chr. xxvi. 11. And at the time of the cap-tivity, the captain of the guard, among other considerable persons, ,took the principal scribe of the host, or secretary at war, whichmustered the people of the land, 2 Kings xxv. 19. 3. Scribe

is used for a learned and skilful man, a doctor of the law, a man oflearning. Jonathan, David’s uncle by the father’s side, was a :counsellor, a wise man, and a scribe, 1 Chr. xxvii. 32. Baruchthe disciple and secretary to Jeremiah is called a 'scribe, Jer.xxx'vi. 26. And Ezra is celebrated'as a skilful scribe in the law ofhis God, Ezra vii. 6. The scribes, who are frequently: men-tioned in tire Gospel, were public writers and professed doctors ofthe Jaw , which they read and explained to the people. Somefi Y place -