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which he was created a count of the Roman empire, and obtainedthe surname of Riinniski. By this victory he saved the prince ofSaxe Cobourg and the imperial army. In the following year hestormed Ismailotv, wherein perished above 30,000 Turks who re-fused quarter. On this occasion Suwarroff in his letter to princePotemkin wrote only these words: “The Russian colours waveon the ramparts of Ismailow.” Indeed he was always laconic inhis dispatches, observing that the pen was not a fit instrument for asoldier. In December 1791 peace was concluded, and Suwarroffwas covered with honours. IIis talents were again called into ac-tion in the war of Poland, when he took Prague , where 30,000Poles fell dead in the field of battle. This was followed by thefall of Warsaw and the partition of Poland . For this service hewas made field-marshal, and obtained the grant of a large estate.When the emperor Paul entered into the war against France in1799, Suwarroff had (he command of the army, with which liemarched into Italy , where he was opposed by Moreau. Over-powered by numbers, the Russian hero effected perhaps the mostbrill ant retreat ever known over the heights of Swisserland, andentering Germany, marched to Russia by order of his sovereign.For his service in this campaign he was created a prince by thetitle of lullsky. But he was treated by Paul with great ingrati-tude, which is supposed to have deeply affected his spirits. liedied at Petersburg in 1800.
SUZA, SUSA, or SOUSE, a town of Africa , in the kingdomof Tunis; 24 miles E. of Cairoan, and 54 S. of Tunis .
SWABBER, an inferior officer on board ships of war, whoseemployment it is to see that the decks are kept neat and clean.
SWAFFHAM, a town of England, in Norfolk ; 15 miles S. E.of Lynn, 34 N. N. E. of Newmarket, and 94 N. E. of London .Lon. 0. 46. E. Lat. 52. 42. N.
SWAINMO I’E. [swainnwtus, law Lat.] a court touching mat-ters of the forest, kept by the charter of the forest, thrice in theyear. This court of swainmote is as incident to a forest, as thecourt of piepowder is to a fair. The swainmote is a court of free-holders within the forest.
SWALLOW, in ornithology. See Hirundo.
Swallow. Islanu, one of Queen Charlotte’s islands in theSouth Sea; about 18 miles long. Lon. 164. 58; E. Lat. 10. 8. S.
Swallow Point, a cape on the N coast of Egmont Island, inthe S. Pacific Ocean. Lon. 164. 46. E. Lat. 10. 42. S;
Swallow’s Tail, in fortification, is a single tenaille, which isnarrower towards the place than toward the country.
SWALLY, a town of Hindostan, in the Decan, and provinceof Cambaya; 12 or 16 miles N. W. of Surat . Lon. 72. 15. E.Lat. 21 . is. N.
SWAMMERDAM, John, a celebrated natural philosopher,^as the son of John James Swammerdam, an apothecary and fa-mous naturalist of Amsterdam , and born in 1637. His father in-tended him for the church, and with this view had him instructed inLatin and Greek ; but he preferred physic. Being at home till heshould engage in that study, he was often employed in cleaning"is father’s curiosities, and putting every thing in order. This in-spired him with ail early taste for natural history; so that he soonbegan to make a collection of his own. When grown up, he at-tended to his anatomical and medical studies; but spent part ofthe day and the night in discovering, catching, and examining, the‘lying insects, in Holland, Guelderland, and Utrecht . Thus ini-tiatect in natural history, he went to the university of Leyden inJ b5l ; an d j n 1663 was admitted a candidate of physic. Whilestudying anatomy, he considered how the parts of the body, pre-pared by dissection, could be preserved for anatomical demonstra-b°n; and he succeeded as he had done before in his nice contri-l^nces for dissecting the minutest insects. He took his degree ofir\- H. in i667 at Leyden. In 1668, the grand duke of Tuscanye,n S in Holland, came to view his museum, and Swammerdam uadesoine anatomical dissections of insects in his presence. Heas struck with admiration at his great skill in managing them;fol 1 provin S t ' ia ’ *'' e future butterfly lay with all its parts neatlyUjded up in a caterpillar, by removing the integuments, and exhi-in ’* s P ar f s > however minute, with incredible-ingenuity, by
i'uuients of inconceivable fineness. The duke offerred lnm■ ’ florins for his collection, on condition .of his removing them■° Tuscany, and residing at the court of.Florence; but Swam-
merdam declined. In 1663, he published a General History ofInsects. About this time, bis father, offended at his neglectingthe practice of physic, would neither supply him with money norclothes. This reduced him to some difficulties. In 1675 lie pub-lished his History of the Ephemeras; and his father dying in 1676,left him a fortune; but he died in 16S2, aged only 45. Gabiustranslated all his works from the Dutcli into the Latin , from whichthey were translated into English, in folio, in 1748. Boerhaave wrote his life.
SWAN. See Anas.
SWANPAN, Chinese Acacus, an instrument for performingarithmetical operations, described by Du Halde in bis Historyof China. It is composed of a small board, crossed with 10 or12 parallel rods or wires, each strung with ivory-balls, which areso divided hv a partition in the middle, that two are on one sideof it, and five on the other. The two in the upper part standeach for five units, and each of the five in the lower part for one.See Plate IV. Fig. 1.
SWANSEA , or SWANSEY, a populous, trading town ofSouth Wales, in Glamorganshire, 25 miles W. N. W. of Cow-bridge, 55 E. of Haverford West, and 205 W. of London . Lon.4. O. W. Lat. 51.38. N.
SWARD-CUTTER, a machine for cutting the sward or sur-face of the earth so as to break all the clods. In Plate CLXI,fig. 5, 6, 7, is a representation of an instrument of this kind in*vented by the Hon. Robert Sandilands. Fig. ly is a square frame,which is three feet four inches in length, from the front to theback part, and four feet three inches in breadth: the timber (whenof fir) is four inches square, and placed on two wheels, B, B,which are about three feet in diameter, and are designed to supportthe posterior part of the machine.—Mr. Sandilands observes, thatthe old fore-wheels of a chaise may be employed for this purpose.C, C, C, C, C, C, are six bulls, or strong pieces of timber, 5*inches in breadth, and 6 inches thick at E; hut which decreaseto three inches at F. In these hulls are fixed six iron cuttingwheels, which are 13 inches in diameter; | of an inch thick at thecentre, for the reception of holes, containing the iron-axis; andwhich are of such a thickness from that part, as to admit of theedges being well steeled. Farther, such wheels are fixed bymeans of two bolts, that pass through the hulls, having eyes at oneend, for the motion of their axles; the opposite extremity beingprovided with nuts and screws, which are sunk in the bulls, to pre-vent them from interfering with the weights that rest on them, andthese are marked with the letters L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, in therespective figures. G, G, G, G, G, G, G, are seven thorles, orhollow pieces of wood, each being 3| inches in length, and in-closing the bolt, M, M, while they serve to keep the bulls,C, C, C, C, C, C, at proper distances. These thorles consistof two parts, being connected by means of a cord or leather-strap,that admits of their being changed, when it becomes necessary ioenlarge or diminish the cutting wheels : they , may also be madeshorter, or longer, as the sward requires to be cut in larger orsmaller pieces. M, M, is an iron-bolt, that passes through twopieces either of wood or iron, seven Inches in length, clear of thewood, which are supported by iron-stays fixed to the frame; andrun through all the bulls, as represented at T; fig. 7. Such-boltought to be very strong, as thedraugbtof the horses there termi-nates. H, H, fig. 6, and 7, represents a wooden cylinder, termeda rocking-tree, which is seven inches in diameter, extends acrossthe frame, and moves on two pivots, inserted in the latter; onebeing fixed at each extremity. L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, fig. 5.
6, and 7, are weights of freestone, which are 26 inches in length,and 6 inches in breadth; the lower stone being 4 inches thick, andweighing about 56ibs.; the. upper one is of similar dimensions,but^3 inches thick, and weighs about 42lhs.; these stones areperforated with two holes, through which are inserted iron-spikes,that are fixed in the bulls, with a view to keep them steady. I,fig. 6 ami.7, is a lever five feet long, which should be made ofgood tough ash: and is connected with a sliding rope.fastened to ,the back part of the frame; so that, when the rocking-tree is ;partly turned round by the lever, and the cutting wheels are con-sequently raised three or four inches above the surface of the land,the.rope is fixed to it, by throwing a loop at the extremity of suchrope over the pin R, at the distance of three feet four inches.fromthe end of the lever I. Thus, all the wheels are kept above ground,
till